biofortification
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Micronutrient deficiency conditions, such as anemia, are the most prevalent global health problem due to inadequate iron and folate in dietary sources. Biofortification advancements can propel the rapid amelioration of nutritionally beneficial components in crops that are required to combat the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies on human health. To date, several strategies have been proposed to increase micronutrients in plants to improve food quality, but very few approaches have intrigued `clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats' (CRISPR) modules for the enhancement of iron and folate concentration in the edible parts of plants. In this review, we discuss two important approaches to simultaneously enhance the bioavailability of iron and folate concentrations in rice endosperms by utilizing advanced CRISPR-Cas9-based technology. This includes the 'tuning of cis-elements' and 'enhancer re-shuffling' in the regulatory components of genes that play a vital role in iron and folate biosynthesis/transportation pathways. In particular, base-editing and enhancer re-installation in native promoters of selected genes can lead to enhanced accumulation of iron and folate levels in the rice endosperm. The re-distribution of micronutrients in specific plant organs can be made possible using the above-mentioned contemporary approaches. Overall, the present review discusses the possible approaches for synchronized iron and folate biofortification through modification in regulatory gene circuits employing CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
- MeSH
- biofortifikace * MeSH
- CRISPR-Cas systémy * MeSH
- editace genu metody MeSH
- geneticky modifikované rostliny * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- kyselina listová * metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rýže (rod) metabolismus genetika MeSH
- železo * metabolismus MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The trace element selenium (Se) is a crucial element for many living organisms, including soil microorganisms, plants and animals, including humans. Generally, in Nature Se is taken up in the living cells of microorganisms, plants, animals and humans in several inorganic forms such as selenate, selenite, elemental Se and selenide. These forms are converted to organic forms by biological process, mostly as the two selenoamino acids selenocysteine (SeCys) and selenomethionine (SeMet). The biological systems of plants, animals and humans can fix these amino acids into Se-containing proteins by a modest replacement of methionine with SeMet. While the form SeCys is usually present in the active site of enzymes, which is essential for catalytic activity. Within human cells, organic forms of Se are significant for the accurate functioning of the immune and reproductive systems, the thyroid and the brain, and to enzyme activity within cells. Humans ingest Se through plant and animal foods rich in the element. The concentration of Se in foodstuffs depends on the presence of available forms of Se in soils and its uptake and accumulation by plants and herbivorous animals. Therefore, improving the availability of Se to plants is, therefore, a potential pathway to overcoming human Se deficiencies. Among these prospective pathways, the Se-biofortification of plants has already been established as a pioneering approach for producing Se-enriched agricultural products. To achieve this desirable aim of Se-biofortification, molecular breeding and genetic engineering in combination with novel agronomic and edaphic management approaches should be combined. This current review summarizes the roles, responses, prospects and mechanisms of Se in human nutrition. It also elaborates how biofortification is a plausible approach to resolving Se-deficiency in humans and other animals.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia chemie metabolismus MeSH
- biofortifikace * MeSH
- kyselina selenová chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- selen chemie metabolismus MeSH
- selenocystein chemie metabolismus MeSH
- selenomethionin chemie metabolismus MeSH
- selenoproteiny biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Humans must obtain vitamin B9 (folate) from plant-based diet. The sources as well as the effect of food processing are discussed in detail. Industrial production, fortification and biofortification, kinetics, and physiological role in humans are described. As folate deficiency leads to several pathological states, current opinions toward prevention through fortification are discussed. Claimed risks of increased folate intake are mentioned as well as analytical ways for measurement of folate.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are essential antioxidant enzyme cofactors. Foliar Se/Zn application is a highly effective method of plant biofortification. However, little is known about the effect of such applications on the concentration of trace elements and phytochemicals with pro-oxidant or antioxidant activity in pea (Pisum sativum L.). METHODS: A 2-year pot experiment (2014/2015) was conducted to examine the response of two pea varieties (Ambassador and Premium) to foliar-administered sodium selenate (0/50/100 g Se/ha) and zinc oxide (0/375/750 g Zn/ha) at the flowering stage. Concentrations of selected trace elements (Fe, Cu, and Mn), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP) of seeds were determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Se/Zn treatments did not improve the concentration of trace elements, while they generally enhanced TPC. Among examined treatments, the highest TPC was found in Ambassador (from 2014) treated with 100 g Se/ha and 750 g Zn/ha (2,926 and 3,221 mg/100 g DW, respectively) vs. the control (1,737 mg/100 g DW). In addition, 50 g of Se/ha increased TFC vs. the control (261 vs. 151 mg/100 g DW) in Premium (from 2014), 750 g of Zn/ha increased ABTS vs. the control (25.2 vs. 59.5 mg/100 g DW) in Ambassador (from 2015), and 50 g of Se/ha increased FRAP vs. the control (26.6 vs. 18.0 mmol/100 g DW) in Ambassador (from 2015). In linear multivariable regression models, Zn, Mn, Cu, and TPC best explained ABTS (R = 0.577), while Se, Cu, and TPC best explained the FRAP findings (R = 0.696). This study highlights the potential of foliar biofortification with trace elements for producing pea/pea products rich in bioactive plant metabolites beneficial for human health.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Improving yield, nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stress are major targets of current breeding and biotechnological approaches that aim at increasing crop production and ensuring food security. Metabolic engineering of carotenoids, the precursor of vitamin-A and plant hormones that regulate plant growth and response to adverse growth conditions, has been mainly focusing on provitamin A biofortification or the production of high-value carotenoids. Here, we show that the introduction of a single gene of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in different tomato cultivars induced profound metabolic alterations in carotenoid, apocarotenoid and phytohormones pathways. Alterations in isoprenoid- (abscisic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins) and non-isoprenoid (auxin and jasmonic acid) derived hormones together with enhanced xanthophyll content influenced biomass partitioning and abiotic stress tolerance (high light, salt, and drought), and it caused an up to 77% fruit yield increase and enhanced fruit's provitamin A content. In addition, metabolic and hormonal changes led to accumulation of key primary metabolites (e.g. osmoprotectants and antiaging agents) contributing with enhanced abiotic stress tolerance and fruit shelf life. Our findings pave the way for developing a new generation of crops that combine high productivity and increased nutritional value with the capability to cope with climate change-related environmental challenges.
Zinc-solubilizing bacteria, namely Burkholderia cepacia and Acinetobacter baumannii (H1 and H3, respectively), able to grow in liquid basal medium supplemented with ZnO, Zn3 (PO4)2, and ZnSO4·7H2O (0.1%), showed plant growth promoting properties. The treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii (H3) solubilizes the ZnO (1.42 ppm), Zn3 (PO4)2 (1.15 ppm), and ZnSO4·7H2O (1.44 ppm).The maximum solubilization of ZnSO4·7H2O (1.42 ppm) was observed in Burkholderia cepacia (H1) after 15 days. Organic acids produced by the bacteria decreased the pH of the medium and helped in Zn solubilization. In pot experiment on maize, Burkholderia cepacia (H1) treatment significantly enhanced plant height and root length in the presence of ZnO (2%) added in 10 mL of inoculum in each pot. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of maize root extract showed the presence of oxalic, maleic, tartaric, and fumaric acid after 60 days of the experiment. Bacterial treatments enhanced sugar and protein level in maize plants and were 55.2 and 42.55 µg/mL plant extract, respectively, under mixture of bacterial treatment. Hence, isolates H1 and H3 expressed highest potential throughout the experiments, as zinc solubilizers and plant growth-promoting strains. This study demonstrated that meticulous use of Zn-solubilizing bacterial strains could aid in enhanced plant growth and can be the potential bio-inoculants for biofortification of maize to overcome the problems of malnutrition.
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient but toxic when taken in excessive amounts. Therefore, understanding the metabolic processes related to selenium uptake and bacteria-plant interactions coupled with selenium metabolism are of high importance. We cultivated Brassica oleracea with the previously isolated heterotrophic aerobic Se(IV)-reducing Pseudomonas sp. T5-6-I strain to better understand the phenomena of bacteria-mediated Se(IV) reduction on selenium availability to the plants. B. oleracea grown on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS-salt agar) with and without of Pseudomonas sp. were amended with Se(IV)/75Se(IV), and selenium transfer into plants was studied using autoradiography and gamma spectroscopy. XANES was in addition used to study the speciation of selenium in the B. oleracea plants. In addition, the effects of Se(IV) on the protein expression in B. oleracea was studied using HPLC-SEC. TEM and confocal microscopy were used to follow the bacterial/Se-aggregate accumulation in plants and the effects of bacterial inoculation on root-hair growth. In the tests using 75Se(IV) on average 130% more selenium was translocated to the B. oleracea plants grown with Pseudomonas sp. compared to the plants grown with selenium, but without Pseudomonas sp.. In addition, these bacteria notably increased root hair density. Changes in the protein expression of B. oleracea were observed on the ∼30-58 kDa regions in the Se(IV) treated samples, probably connected e.g. to the oxidative stress induced by Se(IV) or expression of proteins connected to the Se(IV) metabolism. Based on the XANES measurements, selenium appears to accumulate in B. oleracea mainly in organic C-Se-H and C-Se-C bonds with and without bacteria inoculation. We conclude that the Pseudomonas sp. T5-6-I strain seems to contribute positively to the selenium accumulation in plants, establishing the high potential of Se0-producing bacteria in the use of phytoremediation and biofortification of selenium.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- Brassica metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- Pseudomonas metabolismus MeSH
- selen metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
