OBJECTIVE: The evidence for liquid meal replacements in diabetes has not been summarized. Our objective was to synthesize the evidence of the effect of liquid meal replacements on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library through 10 December 2018. We included randomized trials of ≥2 weeks assessing the effect of liquid meal replacements in weight loss diets compared with traditional weight loss diets on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias. Data were pooled using the inverse variance method. The overall certainty of the evidence was evaluated using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). RESULTS: Nine trial comparisons (N = 961 [median follow-up 24 weeks]) met eligibility criteria. Mean differences were for body weight -2.37 kg (95% CI -3.30 to -1.44), BMI -0.87 kg/m2 (-1.31 to -0.42), body fat -1.66% (-2.17 to -1.15), waist circumference -2.24 cm (-3.72 to -0.77), HbA1c -0.43% (-0.66 to -0.19) (-4.7 mmol/mol [-7.2 to -2.1]), fasting glucose -0.63 mmol/L (-0.99 to -0.27), fasting insulin -11.83 pmol/L (-23.11 to -0.54), systolic blood pressure -4.97mmHg (-7.32 to -2.62), and diastolic blood pressure -1.98 mmHg (-3.05 to -0.91). There was no effect on blood lipids. The overall certainty of the evidence was low to moderate owing to imprecision and/or inconsistency. CONCLUSIONS: Liquid meal replacements in weight loss diets lead to modest reductions in body weight, BMI, and systolic blood pressure, and reductions of marginal clinical significance in body fat, waist circumference, HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and diastolic blood pressure. More high-quality trials are needed to improve the certainty in our estimates.

• MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications   diet therapy   epidemiology   metabolism   MeSH
• Diabetic Angiopathies epidemiology   etiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Insulin blood   MeSH
• Meals * MeSH
• Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology   etiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Overweight complications   diet therapy   epidemiology   metabolism   MeSH
• Obesity complications   diet therapy   epidemiology   metabolism   MeSH
• Fasting physiology   MeSH
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Diet, Reducing * adverse effects   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Body Weight physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Meta-Analysis MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine body-image dissatisfaction in adolescents aged 13-15 years reporting to be on a diet and to assess gender and age differences in weight-reduction behaviour in Slovak adolescents. METHODS: Data on a representative sample of 2,765 adolescents (mean age 14.37 years) from the Slovak part of Health Behaviour in School Aged Children Study carried out in 2014 were analysed. Self-reported body-image dissatisfaction and engagement in weight-reduction behaviour of 13 to 15-year-old adolescents was assessed using multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: More that 20% of boys and 35% of girls perceived themselves to be too fat. Girls reported being on a diet more frequently than boys (28.8% vs. 14.9%). The most frequent weight-reduction behaviours were drinking more water (67.7%), eating more fruits and vegetables (67.1%), and consuming fewer sweets (60.5%) and soft drinks (51.7%). Girls prevailed above boys in the use of these dietary methods. Age differences were not apparent, except for smoking, believed to help in weight reduction and used upmost by 15-year-olds (8.9%) followed by 14 and 13-year-olds, 6.0% and 4.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Body-image dissatisfaction and weight-control behaviour are issues particularly in girls, however, they did not necessarily correspond with actual obesity. The most commonly used weight-reduction behaviours are in the same way important aspects of a healthy lifestyle. There is room to improve obesity control, particularly within primary health care.

• MeSH
• Adolescent Behavior psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Personal Satisfaction * MeSH
• Body Image psychology   MeSH
• Diet, Reducing psychology   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Sex Factors MeSH
• Feeding Behavior psychology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Slovakia MeSH

Cieľom príspevku je prezentovať výskyt držania diét a sebahodnotenie postavy očami školskej mládeže v oblasti stredného Slovenska. Zber údajov bol realizovaný na 25 základných školách a dvoch osemročných gymnáziách v Žilinskom a Banskobystrickom kraji v období máj až jún 2010. Súbor respondentov tvorilo 1 187 žiakov v troch vekových kategóriách: 11ročných (313 respondentov), 13ročných (442 respondentov) a 15ročných (432 respondentov). Na zber údajov bol použitý štandardizovaný dotazník vytvorený pre potreby HBSC štúdie. Zber údajov obsahoval aj demografické údaje: pohlavie, ročník a vek. Signifikantná interakcia dvoch premenných bola hodnotená pomocou chi-kvadrát testu. Na štatistickú analýzu bol použitý štatistický softvér STATISTICA. Približne polovica všetkých respondentov (53 %) uvádza, že nedrží žiadnu diétu, pretože ich hmotnosť je v poriadku. Viac ako polovica respondentov (56,6 %) hodnotí svoju postavu tak akurát. Chlapci častejšie vnímali svoju postavu, že je tak akurát. Zistili sme štatisticky významné rozdiely medzi pohlavím a držaním diét (p = 0,000) a tiež medzi pohlavím a sebahodnotením postavy (p = 0,000). Zistili sme štatisticky významné rozdiely medzi vekom a držaním diét (p = 0,043). Naopak, nezistili sme štatisticky významné vzťahy v sebahodnotení postavy a veku (p = 0,198). Držanie diét u školskej mládeže môže mať za následok zmeny v kognitívnej, emocionálnej a sociálnej oblasti. Preto je nutné vziať do úvahy fyzické a psychické následky, vrátane porúch príjmu potravy a podporovať zdravý životný štýl, ktorého súčasťou sú správne stravovacie návyky, pravidelná fyzická aktivita či efektívne využitie voľného času.

The goal of this article is to present the occurrences of dieting and self-evaluation of one's personal body figure through the eyes of school-aged youth in central Slovakia. The data was collected in 25 elementary schools and two 8-year high schools in the Žilina and Banská Bystrica regions from May to June 2010. The group of respondents consisted of 1187 pupils in three age categories: 11-year-olds (313 respondents), 13-year-olds (442 respondents) and 15-year-olds (432 respondents). The standardized questionnaire created for the needs of this HBSC study was used for data collection. The data collection also contained demographic data including: gender, grade, age. The significant interaction of two variables was evaluated using the chi-quadrat test. The statistical analysis was made using STATISTICA software. Approximately half of the respondents (53%) stated that they were not dieting because their weight was “all right” according to the respondent. More than half of the respondents (56.6%) thought that their figure was “just right”. Boys more frequently perceived that their personal figure was “just right”. There were statistically significant differences discovered between gender and dieting (p = 0.000) and also between gender and selfevaluation of one's personal figure (p = 0.000). Statistically significant differences between age and dieting (p = 0,043) were also expected. But on the contrary, no statistically significant differences in self-evaluation of personal figure and age (p = 0.198) were found. Dieting in school-aged youth can result in changes in their cognitive, emotional and social developments. Therefore, it is necessary to consider physical and psychological consequences, including eating disorders, and to also support a healthy lifestyle which includes proper eating habits, regular physical activity and an efficient use of free time.

• MeSH
• Diet * methods   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Body Image * psychology   MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Diet, Reducing methods   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Sex Factors MeSH
• Body Weight MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Body Weight Changes * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Cieľ: Výskum bol zameraný na identifikáciu držania diéty u adolescentných respondentov a niektorých príčin jej držania vo vzťahu k pohlaviu a veku. Metodika: Na získanie empirických dát boli použité vybrané položky sebaposudzovacieho meracieho nástroja s názvom Mapovanie stravovacích návykov medzi adolescentmi (The Project EAT Survey, Neumark- Sztainer et al.). Výskumnú vzorku tvorilo 387 adolescentných respondentov, toho času študentov prvých a štvrtých ročníkov stredných škôl. Výsledky: Podľa výsledkov výskumu ženy častejšie držia diéty (redukčné alebo pre jej udržanie) či už v minulom roku (p = 0,002) aj v terajšej dobe (p = 0,000). Sú nespokojné so svojou hmotnosťou (p = 0,000) a postavou (p = 0,009). Respondenti vo veku 18 - 20 rokov uviedli, že si ich členovia rodiny doberali alebo si robili posmech z ich hmotnosti (p = 0,000). Vyššie percento žien zažilo negatívne hodnotenie ich hmotnosti zo strany členov rodiny (27,5 %) a vrstovníkov (33,5 %). Záver: Sestra v klinickej praxi môže byť nápomocná pri identifikovaní držania diét u adolescentov a jej príčin z hľadiska prevencie dopadu držania diét na telesné a duševné zdravie adolescenta a pri realizácii už cielených intervencií, napr. edukácie v rámci takto obsahovo zameranej prevencie.

Aim: The research was aimed at identifying dieting among adolescent respondents and some of the reasons for its keeping in relation to sex and age. Methods: For obtaining empirical data selected items of self-assessing measuring tool called Mapping dietary habits among adolescents were used (The Project EAT Survey, Neumark-Sztainer et al.). The research sample consisted of 387 adolescent respondents, previously high school students (of the first and fourth study year). Results: According to results of research women more frequently keep a diet (in order to lose weight or keep it the same) in last year (p = 0,002) as well as at present-day period (p = 0,000). They are not satisfied with their weight (p = 0,000) and figure (p = 0,009). Respondents aged 18-20 years reported that their family members have teased or made fun of their weight (p = 0,000). A higher percentage of women had experience a negative evaluation of their weight on the part of the family members (27,5 %) and peers (33,5 %). Conclusion: A nurse in clinical practice can be helpful in identifying dieting among adolescents and its causes in order to prevent the impact of diets on physical and mental health of adolescent and in the implementation of already targeted interventions, e.g. education in the context of the following content targeting prevention.

• MeSH
• Body Mass Index MeSH
• Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
• Beauty MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Diet, Reducing * psychology   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Body Weight MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH

• MeSH
• Anthropometry methods   MeSH
• Biochemical Phenomena physiology   MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 rehabilitation   MeSH
• Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted methods   statistics & numerical data   utilization   MeSH
• Diet MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Obesity diet therapy   MeSH
• Motor Activity MeSH
• Diet, Reducing methods   statistics & numerical data   utilization   MeSH
• Exercise Movement Techniques methods   statistics & numerical data   utilization   MeSH
• Body Weight Changes MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH

Na základě národní části mezinárodní studie The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSČ) autoři referují o výskytu nadváhy a obezity mezi 11, 13 a 151etými dětmi v České republice. Dále se zaměřují na vztah mezi nadváhou a některými socio-demografickými faktory, jídelními zvyklostmi a dietními strategiemi. Výsledky byly získány od 4 724 dětí z 87 náhodně vybraných škol. Nadváha byla zjištěna u 16 % dětí, z nichž bylo 2,6 % obézních. Podobně jako v jiných evropských zemích byla prevalence nadváhy vyšší u chlapců (18 %) než u dívek (14 %). Nejvíce dětí s nadváhou bylo ve věkové skupině jedenáctiletých. Jejich počet v období mezi jedenáctým a patnáctým rokem významně klesal, zejména ve skupině děvčat. Reakce dětí na nadváhu se významně měnily v závislosti na pohlaví a věku. Pokles nadváhy u děvčat byl pravděpodobně spojen s věkem zřetelně vzrůstajícími dietními tendencemi. I když už jedenáctiletí chlapci vnímají nadváhu jako problém, na který reagují v souladu s běžnými dietními doporučeními, byli chlapci s rostoucím věkem stále méně ochotni uvádět, že se kvůli nadváze omezují v jídle, nebo že by to potřebovali, chlapci s nadváhou více cvičili, děvčata s nadváhou se více omezovala v jídle. Redukční diety však dodržovala i děvčata s normální tělesnou hmotností, stejně tak jako chlapci s normální tělesnou hmotností uváděli, že kvůli svojí postavě cvičí. Ať už z dietních nebo z jiných důvodů, s rostoucím věkem děti častě-ji jedly mimo rodinu a vynechávaly některé hlavní denní jídlo (zejména snídani), což bylo zvláště markantní u dětí s nadváhou a mohlo být v příčinné souvislosti s jejich nadváhou. Ze sledovaných sociodemo-grafických faktorů se potvrdilo, že rodiče s vyšším vzděláním mají méně často obézní děti a že na českém venkově je více obézních dětí než ve městě. Nebyl zjištěn vztah mezi úplností rodiny, počtem sourozenců a prarodiči v rodině a nadváhou sledovaných dětí.

Based on the national part of the international "The Health Behaviour in School-aged children" (HBSČ) study, the authors present the incidence of overweight and obesity in 11-year, 13-year and 15-year old children in the czech Republic. Furthermore they focus on the relationship between excess weight and certain socio-demographic factors, eating habits and diet strategies. The results were obtained from 4,724 children from 87 randomly selected schools. 16 per cent of the children were found to be overweight; 2.6 per cent of the children were obese. A higher prevalence of overweight was found in boys (18 per cent) than in girls (14 per cent). The highest number of overweight children was in the 11-year old age group. The number of overweight children significantly decreased between the llth and 15th year of age, especially in girls. The children's reaction towards obesity changed significantly with gender and age. The decrease in the number of overweight girls was probably connected with the tendency toward dieting which markedly increases with age. Although even 11-year old boys perceive being overweight a problém to which they respond in accor-dance with standard dietary recommendations, with growing age they were less willing to statě that they limit their food intake because of being overweight, or that they should limit it. Overweight boys exercised more often, overweight girls limited their food intake more often. However, even girls with normál body weight followed weight reduction diets and even boys with normal body weight stated that they exercised because of their figure. In the higher age group, children were eating more frequently outside their famili-es, both for dietary and other reasons, and they were skipping one of the main meals of the day (usually breakfast). This was especially marked in overweight children and could háve been a contributing factor to their excess weight. From the sociodemographic factors that were followed, it was confirmed that parents with higher education are less likely to have obese children and that there are more obese children in the čzech countryside than in towns. No correlation was found between child obesity and factors such as a nuclear family, the number of siblings, grandparents in the family.

• MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Overweight enzymology   etiology   metabolism   MeSH
• Diet, Reducing statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Socioeconomic Factors MeSH
• Feeding Behavior MeSH
• Child Nutrition Sciences MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adolescent MeSH

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Feeding and Eating Disorders etiology   MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Diet, Reducing statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Self Concept MeSH
• Body Weight MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Meeting Abstract MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH