Background: Intermittent fasting may be an effective tool for weight loss, but it is still unclear from previous studies to date whether it is as effective as a continuous energy restriction in terms of reducing adipose tissue and whether it leads to unwanted muscle loss. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of intermittent fasting (IF) with continuous energy restriction (CER) on the body weight and body composition and to assess the effect of intermittent fasting also in isolation from the energy restriction. Methods: After completion of a three-week dietary intervention, differences in the weight loss and differences in the body composition were compared between three groups. The first group consumed 75% of their calculated energy intake requirements in a six-hour time window. The second group consumed 75% of their calculated energy intake requirements without a time window and the third group consumed 100% of their calculated energy intake requirements in a six-hour time window. The changes in the weight and body composition were assessed by BIA. Results: Of the 95 randomized participants, 75 completed the intervention phase of the study. The highest mean weight loss was achieved by the IF with ER (energy restriction) group (2.3 ± 1.4 kg), followed by the CER group (2.2 ± 1.1 kg); the difference between the groups did not reach statistical significance. The lowest mean weight loss was observed in the IF without ER group (1.1 ± 1.2 kg), the difference reaching statistical significance compared to the IF with ER (p=0.003) and CER (p=0.012) groups. The highest mean adipose tissue loss was observed in the CER group (1.5 ± 1.2 kg) followed by the IF with ER group (1.3 ± 1.1 kg), with no statistically significant differences between the groups. A mean adipose tissue loss was found in the IF without ER group (0.9 ± 1.1 kg) with no statistically significant differences compared to the IF with ER and CER groups. The highest mean fat-free mass loss was found in the IF with ER group (1.1 ± 1.0 kg), followed by the CER group (0.65 ± 0.91 kg) with no statistically significant differences. The IF without ER group showed the lowest mean fat-free mass loss (0.2 ± 1.3 kg), which reached statistical significance compared to the IF with ER group (p=0.027). Conclusion: The results showed a comparable effect in the weight loss and body fat reduction regardless of the timing of the food intake. The diet quality, together with the energy intake, appeared to be one of the most important factors influencing the body composition.
- MeSH
- antropometrie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- energetický příjem * fyziologie MeSH
- hmotnostní úbytek * fyziologie MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- kalorická restrikce * metody MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- obezita dietoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- omezení příjmu potravy * fyziologie MeSH
- přerušované hladovění MeSH
- složení těla * fyziologie MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost fyziologie MeSH
- tuková tkáň MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- MeSH
- hmotnostní úbytek MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- omezení příjmu potravy * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Abiraterone acetate has limited bioavailability in the fasted state and exhibits a strong positive food effect. We present a novel formulation concept based on the so-called oil marbles (OMs) and show by in vitro and in vivo experiments that the food effect can be suppressed. OMs are spherical particles with a core-shell structure, formed by coating oil-based droplets that contain the dissolved drug by a layer of powder that prevents the cores from sticking and coalescence. OMs prepared in this work contained abiraterone acetate in the amorphous form and showed enhanced dissolution properties during in vitro experiments when compared with originally marketed formulation of abiraterone acetate (Zytiga®). Based on in vitro comparison of OMs containing different oil/surfactant combinations, the most promising formulation was chosen for in vivo studies. To ensure relevance, it was verified that the food effect previously reported for Zytiga® in humans was translated into the rat animal model. The bioavailability of abiraterone acetate formulated in OMs in the fasted state was then found to be enhanced by a factor of 2.7 in terms of AUC and by a factor of 4.0 in terms of Cmax. Crucially, the food effect reported in the literature for other abiraterone acetate formulations was successfully eliminated and OMs showed comparable extent of bioavailability in a fed-fasted study. Oil marbles therefore seem to be a promising formulation concept not only for abiraterone acetate but potentially also for other poorly soluble drugs that reveal a positive food effect.
- MeSH
- abirateron aplikace a dávkování chemie farmakokinetika MeSH
- aplikace orální MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- farmaceutická vehikula chemie MeSH
- interakce mezi potravou a léky MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- oleje chemie MeSH
- omezení příjmu potravy fyziologie MeSH
- plocha pod křivkou MeSH
- postprandiální období fyziologie MeSH
- povrchově aktivní látky chemie MeSH
- příprava léků metody MeSH
- uvolňování léčiv MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The evidence for liquid meal replacements in diabetes has not been summarized. Our objective was to synthesize the evidence of the effect of liquid meal replacements on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library through 10 December 2018. We included randomized trials of ≥2 weeks assessing the effect of liquid meal replacements in weight loss diets compared with traditional weight loss diets on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias. Data were pooled using the inverse variance method. The overall certainty of the evidence was evaluated using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). RESULTS: Nine trial comparisons (N = 961 [median follow-up 24 weeks]) met eligibility criteria. Mean differences were for body weight -2.37 kg (95% CI -3.30 to -1.44), BMI -0.87 kg/m2 (-1.31 to -0.42), body fat -1.66% (-2.17 to -1.15), waist circumference -2.24 cm (-3.72 to -0.77), HbA1c -0.43% (-0.66 to -0.19) (-4.7 mmol/mol [-7.2 to -2.1]), fasting glucose -0.63 mmol/L (-0.99 to -0.27), fasting insulin -11.83 pmol/L (-23.11 to -0.54), systolic blood pressure -4.97mmHg (-7.32 to -2.62), and diastolic blood pressure -1.98 mmHg (-3.05 to -0.91). There was no effect on blood lipids. The overall certainty of the evidence was low to moderate owing to imprecision and/or inconsistency. CONCLUSIONS: Liquid meal replacements in weight loss diets lead to modest reductions in body weight, BMI, and systolic blood pressure, and reductions of marginal clinical significance in body fat, waist circumference, HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and diastolic blood pressure. More high-quality trials are needed to improve the certainty in our estimates.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu komplikace dietoterapie epidemiologie metabolismus MeSH
- diabetické angiopatie epidemiologie etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- inzulin krev MeSH
- jídla * MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nadváha komplikace dietoterapie epidemiologie metabolismus MeSH
- obezita komplikace dietoterapie epidemiologie metabolismus MeSH
- omezení příjmu potravy fyziologie MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- redukční dieta * škodlivé účinky statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- intermitentní půst,
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus MeSH
- komplementární terapie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- omezení příjmu potravy * fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- populární práce MeSH
125 s. ; 20 cm
1. vyd. 125 s. : il. ; 24 cm
OBJECTIVES: The influence of body fat reduction on adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) in obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was investigated to examine whether it relates to the etiopathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR) and obesity. METHODS: We studied 14 obese patients with T1DM and IR (42.6±9.4 years, BMI 32.4±2.1 kg/m2) and 13 non-obese control patients with T1DM (36.9±13.9 years, BMI 22.6±2.1 kg/m2). Plasma FABP was measured by ELISA and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were measured spectrophotometrically before weight reduction, immediately after 7 days of fasting and after 21 days on a low-calorie diet. The control group was studied only after overnight fasting. Body composition was examined using bioimpedance spectroscopy. The means ± SD, T-test, one-way ANOVA and Spearman's correlation were used for statistical evaluation. RESULTS: All patients tolerated the period of fasting. Obese T1DM patients lost 6.1±1.1 kg. There was a significant decrease in body mass index and body fat measured 21 days after weight reduction (p<0.05). Plasma FABP and FFA concentrations in obese T1DM patients before weight reduction were significantly higher than in controls, further increased significantly after fasting (p<0.05) and were restored thereafter. Significant positive correlations between FABP and FFA and between FABP and BMI (p<0.05) were found. CONCLUSION: Increased plasma FABP indicates insulin resistance in obese patients with T1DM. Weight reduction in T1DM patients is associated with a desirable decrease of body fat and transiently increased FABP. This increase might be a temporary adaptation of metabolism to non-stress fasting.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 1. typu farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- glykemický clamp MeSH
- hmotnostní úbytek fyziologie MeSH
- hypoglykemika aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- inzulin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence fyziologie MeSH
- kyseliny mastné neesterifikované krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obezita dietoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- omezení příjmu potravy fyziologie MeSH
- proteiny vázající mastné kyseliny krev MeSH
- redukční dieta MeSH
- složení těla fyziologie MeSH
- tuková tkáň metabolismus MeSH
- tukové buňky metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The study was aimed at investigating the arterial stiffness assessed by aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the presence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PH), with and without concomitant hypertension. Subsequently, we examined the effect of parathyroidectomy (PTX) on arterial stiffness. A total of 28 patients with PH and concomitant hypertension, and 16 with PH without hypertension were investigated in comparison with 28 essential hypertensive patients and 18 healthy controls, respectively. Patients were matched for age, blood pressure (BP), body mass index, lipid profile and fasting glucose. Six months after PTX, 15 patients were examined again (hypertensive as well as normotensive). PWV was obtained using the SphygmoCor applanation tonometer (AtCor Medical, West Ryde, Australia). PWV was significantly higher in patients with PH and hypertension when compared with patients with essential hypertension (10.1 vs. 8.5 ms(-1), P=0.013). PWV remained significant even after adjustment for age and BP (P=0.02). Similarly, PWV was significantly higher in PH patients without hypertension in comparison with healthy controls (7.6 vs. 5.8 ms(-1), P<0.001). Six months after surgery, in addition to a normalization of calcium metabolism, a significant decrease in systolic BP (131 vs. 123 mmHg, P=0.004) and PWV (9.1 vs. 8.5 ms(-1), P=0.024) was observed. After adjusting for BP reduction, the decrease in PWV appeared non-significant. Our data indicate that PH increases PWV as a marker of arterial stiffness, in both hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients. However, neither the calcium serum level nor the parathyroid hormone level has been associated with PWV. Specific treatment by PTX significantly decreases PWV, which may be determined primarily by improved BP control after surgery.
- MeSH
- hypertenze patofyziologie MeSH
- krevní glukóza fyziologie MeSH
- krevní tlak fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipidy krev MeSH
- omezení příjmu potravy fyziologie MeSH
- paratyreoidektomie MeSH
- primární hyperparatyreóza patofyziologie chirurgie MeSH
- pulzatilní průtok fyziologie MeSH
- rychlost toku krve fyziologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- srdeční frekvence fyziologie MeSH
- vápník krev metabolismus MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
