The phylum Basidiomycota include organisms with enormous bioremediation potential. A variety of processes were proposed at the lab scale for using these fungi and their phenol oxidases in the degradation of phenolics. Here we present a survey of this topic using literature published mostly over the last 10 years. First, the sources of the enzymes are summarized. The laccase and tyrosinase were mainly from Trametes versicolor and Agaricus bisporus, respectively. Recently, however, new promising wild-type producers of the enzymes have emerged and a number of recombinant strains were also constructed, based mainly on yeasts or Aspergillus strains as hosts. The next part of the study summarizes the enzyme and whole-cell applications for the degradation of phenols, polyphenols, cresols, alkylphenols, naphthols, bisphenols and halogenated (bis)phenols in model mixtures or real wastewaters from the food, paper and coal industries, or municipal and hospital sewage. The enzymes were applied as free (crude or purified) enzymes or as enzymes immobilized in various supports or CLEAs, and optionally recycled or used in continuous mode. Alternatively, growing cultures or harvested mycelia were used instead. The products, which were characterized as quinones and their polymers in some cases, could be eliminated by filtration, flocculation or adsorption onto chitosan. The purity of a treated wastewater was monitored using a sensitive aquatic organism. It is concluded that low-cost sources of these enzymes should be searched for and the benefits of enzymatic, biological and physico-chemical methods could be combined to make the processes fit for industrial use.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota metabolismus   MeSH
• benzhydrylové sloučeniny MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• fenoly metabolismus   MeSH
• houby metabolismus   MeSH
• lakasa metabolismus   MeSH
• odpadní voda chemie   MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• tyrosinasa metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Basidiomycota is one of the phyla of kingdom Fungi. This phylum contains besides non-pathogenic species and mushrooms, the important plant pathogens, smuts and rusts, and has been recently divided into three subphyla: Ustilaginomycotina, Pucciniomycotina, and Agaricomycotina (James et al. Nature 443:818-822, 2006; Hibbert et al. Mycological Research 111:509-547, 2007). Although the monophyletic origin of Basidiomycota appears practically undisputed, the phylogenetic relationships of the three subphyla have been considered somewhat uncertain (James et al. Nature 443:818-822, 2006). Previously, we described a hypothetical evolutionary scheme of the fungal cell wall (Ruiz-Herrera and Ortiz-Castellanos FEMS Yeast Research 10:225-243, 2010) that coincided with the accepted evolution tree of kingdom fungi (Cavalier-Smith Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271:1251-1262, 2004; James et al. Nature 443:818-822, 2006; Hibbert et al. Mycological Research 111:509-547, 2007). Based on the results of that study, we have now made an analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of the cell wall polysaccharides in Basidiomycota. According to our data, there is a close relationship of the wall-synthesizing enzymes with the accepted taxonomy of the group, with a few exceptions, noticeably the absence of chitin synthase IIb subclass in Pucciniomycotina, the duplication of chitin synthase class III in the same group, and the duplication of the gene encoding β-1,3-glucan synthase (Gls) in Agaricomycotina. These results give some clues on the evolution of the cell wall in Basidiomycota.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota klasifikace   cytologie   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčná stěna enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• glukosyltransferasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• polysacharidy metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• výpočetní biologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Phylogenetic and morphological analyses on Rigidoporus were carried out. The genus Rigidoporus (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota), typified by R. microporus (Fr.) Overeem. (synonym Polyporus micromegas Mont.), was established by Murrill in 1905. The genus is mainly characterized by annual to perennial, resupinate, effused-reflexed to pileate or stipitate basidiomata with azonate or concentrically zonate and sulcate upper surface, a monomitic to pseudo-dimitic hyphal structure, simple-septate generative hyphae, and ellipsoid to globose basidiospores. Phylogeny on species of the genus is reconstructed with two loci DNA sequences including the internal transcribed spacer regions and the large subunit. Three new species in Rigidoporus are described and illustrated from Asia, and one new combination in the genus is proposed. The main morphological characteristics of the currently accepted species of Rigidoporus are provided.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota * genetika   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika   chemie   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   chemie   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH

Fungi are considered model organisms for the analysis of important phenomena of eukaryotes. For example, some of them have been described as models to understand the phenomenon of multicellularity acquisition by different unicellular organisms phylogenetically distant. Interestingly, in this work, we describe the multicellular development in the model fungus S. reilianum. We observed that Sporisorium reilianum, a Basidiomycota cereal pathogen that at neutral pH grows with a yeast-like morphology during its saprophytic haploid stage, when incubated at acid pH grew in the form of multicellular clusters. The multicellularity observed in S. reilianum was of clonal type, where buds of "stem" cells growing as yeasts remain joined by their cell wall septa, after cytokinesis. The elaboration and analysis of a regulatory network of S. reilianum showed that the putative zinc finger transcription factor CBQ73544.1 regulates a number of genes involved in cell cycle, cellular division, signal transduction pathways, and biogenesis of cell wall. Interestingly, homologous of these genes have been found to be regulated during Saccharomyces cerevisiae multicellular growth. In adddition, some of these genes were found to be negatively regulated during multicellularity of S. reilianum. With these data, we suggest that S. reilianum is an interesting model for the study of multicellular development.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota účinky léků   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• buněčné dělení účinky léků   MeSH
• buněčný cyklus účinky léků   MeSH
• fungální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kyseliny farmakologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Fomitiporella accommodates polypores producing annual to perennial basidiocarps with an indistinct subiculum (very thin to almost lacking), mostly a dimitic hyphal structure, lacking any kind of setae, with brownish, thick-walled basidiospores, and causing a white rot. Previously, only a few samples of Fomitiporella were studied on the basis of morphological and nuc 28S rDNA (28S)-based phylogenetic analyses. In this study, we made a comprehensive study on Fomitiporella on the basis of collections from Central America, USA, Europe, and China. The phylogenetic analysis, including 28 nuc 28S rDNA and 29 nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) sequences newly generated, discovered 14 new lineages. Combined with morphological evidence, 4 new lineages are described and illustrated as new species, viz., Fomitiporella americana, F. micropora, F. sinica, and F. subinermis; 10 other new lineages, each with a single collection, are still treated as unidentified taxa; three new combinations, viz., Fomitiporella tenuissima, F. chinensis, and F. resupinata, are proposed. In addition, F. inermis is redescribed. A key to the 12 known species of Fomitiporella is provided.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• hyfy cytologie   MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• mykologické určovací techniky MeSH
• plodnice hub cytologie   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• spory hub cytologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Čína MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Střední Amerika MeSH

Fuscoporia is a cosmopolitan, poroid, wood-decaying genus, belonging to the Hymenochaetales. During a study of wood-inhabiting fungi in the USA, four unknown specimens were collected from Hawaii. Both morphological criteria and molecular genetic analyses based on the ITS+nLSU+EF1-α datasets and the nLSU dataset confirmed that these four specimens represent two new species of Fuscoporia, and they are described as F. hawaiiana and F. minutissima. Fuscoporia hawaiiana is characterized by pileate basidiocarps, the absence of cystidioles, hooked hymenial setae, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 4-6 × 3.5-4.5 μm. Fuscoporia minutissima is distinguished by small pores (10-13 per mm) and basidiospores (3.4-4 × 2.4-3 μm). The taxonomic status of the two new species is briefly discussed. A key to the North American species of Fuscoporia is provided.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota * genetika   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• spory hub genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Havajské ostrovy MeSH

Members of Hymenochaetaceae fungi are among well-known macromycetes with various medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological activities of Phellinus tuberculosus and Fuscoporia ferruginosa collected in Iran. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of the two species were examined, and their phenolic and polysaccharide contents were quantified. Compounds were characterized by HPLC-DAD chromatography and LC-ESI-MS/MS spectroscopy. According to our results, the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of P. tuberculosus extracts were stronger than F. ferruginosa. Also, the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts was higher than the aqueous extract. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to all extracts, especially Streptococcus mutans with a MIC of 0.7 mg/mL and MBC of 6.25 mg/mL. HPLC-DAD analyses detected gallic acid, caffeic acid, and syringic acid in both fungi. The LC-ESI-MS/MS confirmed the detected compounds in HPLC-DAD and showed the presence of several phenolic compounds such as phellifuropyranone, phelligridin, and hispidin, besides others. This study showed that F. ferruginosa and P. tuberculosus are potent medicinal fungi with antibacterial and antioxidant properties, with no toxic effect on normal HDF cells, and possess various bioactive compounds including styrylpyrone-type phenols with well-known bioactivities.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * chemie   izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• antioxidancia * chemie   izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• Basidiomycota * chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• grampozitivní bakterie účinky léků   MeSH
• Phellinus chemie   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Írán MeSH

The Phellinus igniarius complex corresponds to Phellinus s.s., a well supported clade in the polyphyletic Phellinus s.l. studied worldwide. Recently a molecular phylogeny of this complex was performed for the European and North American species. In this study we expand the taxon samplings of the P. igniarius complex to include 59, seven and 12 additional collections originating from China, Czech Republic and USA, respectively. We generated 78 nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and 42 translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1α) sequences. Based on the morphological and phylogenetic (combined ITS and tef1α dataset) analyses, Phellinus monticola, P. orientoasiaticus, P. padicola, P. parmastoi and P. pomaceoides are newly described and illustrated from China and USA. Phellinus pseudoigniarius is treated as a later synonym of P. igniarius, whereas Phellinus betulinus subsp. betulinus is accepted as P. betulinus. A total of 15 species are accepted in the P. igniarius complex worldwide. Of them, 10 species are distributed in eastern Asia, eight in Europe and six in North America. The taxonomy, phylogeny, host associations and geographic distributions of these 15 species are briefly discussed.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• plodnice hub MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• spory hub MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Dálný východ MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH

Phellinidium, including 13 accepted polypore species mostly with resupinate basidiocarps, is one of the most aggressive forest pathogenic genera. This genus is characterized by the combination of a monomitic hyphal structure, abundant hyphoid setae in the context and trama, and hyaline and thin-walled basidiospores. To explore the relationships among the species of Phellinidium, especially those between forest pathogens and saprophytes, we examined 29 specimens representing all 13 previously known species from Asia, Europe and America from morphological and phylogenetic perspectives. A new genus, Coniferiporia, was found to segregate from Phellinidium for three aggressive forest pathogens, and three new combinations, viz. Coniferiporia qilianensis (the generic type), Coniferiporia weirii and Coniferiporia sulphurascens, were proposed. Phellinidium cryptocystidiatum was treated as a synonym of C. sulphurascens. The circumscription of Phellinidium was delimited to accommodate Phellinidium asiaticum, Phellinidium ferrugineofuscum (the generic type), Phellinidium fragrans and Phellinidium pouzarii. Accordingly, the concept of Phellinidium was emended to accommodate resupinate species bearing cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid or allantoid basidiospores. No species of Phellinidium under the new circumscription has been reported to be a forest pathogen. Phellinidium noxium and Phellinidium rufitinctum were excluded from Phellinidium, while the taxonomical positions of Phellinidium aciferum, Phellinidium lamaënse, and Phellinidium orientale are still uncertain.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fungální RNA genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• geny rRNA MeSH
• hyfy cytologie   MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• spory hub cytologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Amerika MeSH
• Asie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Antrodia serialis group are revised with morphological, ecological, and geographic data, partial translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) gene sequences, and nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S sequences. The group contains 13 species found in boreal and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. The species are limited to certain geographic areas within Eurasia and North America. The traditional morphology-based concept of A. serialis covers at least four closely related species: A. serialis s. str. in Eurasia, A. angusta, sp. nov., in East Asia, A. serrata, sp. nov., in the American Northeast, and A. calcitrosa, sp. nov., in the American Northwest. They all are associated mostly with Picea spp. and show small, but stable morphological differences from each other. In addition, A. morganii, comb. nov., inhabiting wood of Populus spp., occurs in North America, and Antrodia alaskana, comb. nov., a large-pored species, macroscopically similar to A. variiformis, is distributed along the Pacific coast of North America. The pine-dwelling A. flavimontis, sp. nov., similar to A. primaeva from Eurasia, is so far known only from the eastern part of the Rocky Mountains (Utah and Wyoming).

• MeSH
• Antrodia klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• elongační faktor 1 genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• mykologické určovací techniky MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH