Cimikóza je onemocnění způsobené infestací štěnicí. V našich podmínkách se setkáváme nejčastěji se štěnicí domácí (Cimex lectuarius), jejíž výskyt zejména v souvislosti s vysokou migrací obyvatel a stoupající rezistencí k insekticidům vzrůstá. Autorka popisuje 2 případy infestace štěnicemi.
Bed bug bites is a disease caused by bed bug infestation. The common bed bug is (Cimex lectuarius), which incidence increses in connection with high population movement and increasing resistance to insecticides. The author describes two cases of bed bug infestation.
- MeSH
- Cimicidae * pathogenicity drug effects MeSH
- Insect Control economics methods trends MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Ectoparasitic Infestations * diagnosis epidemiology etiology drug therapy prevention & control MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Insecticide Resistance MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
Štěnice se staly v 21. století celosvětově velkým problémem, a proto jsou intenzivně zkoumány. Nová zjištění rozšiřují znalosti o jejich biologii, zdravotnickém významu, způsobu a cestách jejich šíření a tyto poznatky lze využívat i v opatřeních proti nim. Stručný přehled některých nejdůležitějších výsledků výzkumů a nových názorů publikovaných v posledních několika letech v prestižních zahraničních časopisech, shrnujeme v tomto příspěvku.
Bed bugs have become a major concern worldwide in the 21st century and are therefore intensively investigated. The new findings not only extend the knowledge of their biology, medical relevance, and causes of the resurgence, but also can be used in bed bug management. A brief overview is provided of some of the most important research results and opinions, published in the last few years in prestigious international journals.
- MeSH
- Insect Control methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Insecticide Resistance MeSH
- Bedbugs * pathogenicity growth & development MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Overall MeSH
BACKGROUND: Bed bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) are a group of blood-feeding ectoparasites. They mainly specialize on bats and birds, but a few species are important human pests. They exhibit several unique adaptations for their parasitic lifestyle. Among those, bed bug aggregations represent a striking example of a sub-social structure. However, their benefits for the bed bugs as well as their potential for bed bug control are largely unexplored. Young nymphs are known to disperse from the aggregations much less than older ones or adults. We therefore found possible that the aggregation age structure is connected with success in finding host and tested the effect of presence of adults on nymphal feeding success. RESULTS: We tested the effect of presence of adults on feeding success of first-instar nymphs using an artificial feeding system. We found that presence of fed adults causes larger proportion of nymphs to feed. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our data, fed bed bugs seem to trigger the young nymphs to actively forage. Since the first instar is much less viable than later stages, our finding points to an adaptive behavior that economizes on foraging energy cost. In the context of bed bug control, knowledge on such behavior emphasizes the prevention of fed bed bugs from returning to harborages. Bed bug traps may thus be used not just as means of bed bug monitoring, but also as means of control.
- MeSH
- Nymph physiology MeSH
- Bedbugs physiology MeSH
- Feeding Behavior * MeSH
- Age Factors MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Populations of bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, have increased in recent years spreading into numerous urban areas across the Western world and making them an increasingly important pest of the twenty-first century. Research into hybridization within and between different lineages of bed bugs can help us to understand processes of micro- and macro-evolution in these ectoparasites and may inform the control of this pest species. Hybridization experiments between two host lineages of bed bug (C. lectularius) from Central Europe (Czech Republic), those associated with humans and those with bats, were conducted under laboratory conditions. Number of eggs and early instars were compared between crosses of mixed host lineages (interspecific mating) with pairs from the same host lineage, those from the same locality and same lineage from different localities (intraspecific mating). While crosses within host lineages resulted in egg production and later instars, crosses between different host lineages were unsuccessful, although of the mated females possessed sperm in their mesospermaleges and/or seminal conceptacles. These crosses did not even result in egg production. Moreover, in the mixed lineage crosses, mortality rates in adults were higher (51 and 50% higher in bat and human lineage, respectively) than in those animals from the same lineage. Survival of adults was in pairs from the same locality slightly higher than in pairs from different localities and differed statistically. These results support the existence of post-mating barriers and show reproductive isolation between two lineages of C. lectularius. Bat and human host adaptations can promote evolving of such barriers and can be product of alloxenic speciation.
- MeSH
- Chiroptera MeSH
- Host Specificity MeSH
- Hybridization, Genetic * MeSH
- Ectoparasitic Infestations parasitology veterinary MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Reproduction genetics physiology MeSH
- Bedbugs genetics physiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Homoplasmy, the occurrence of a single mitochondrial DNA haplotype within an individual, has been the accepted condition across most organisms in the animal kingdom. In recent years, a number of exceptions to this rule have been reported, largely due to the ease with which single nucleotide polymorphisms can be detected. Evidence of heteroplasmy-two or more mitochondrial variants within a single individual-has now been documented in a number of invertebrates; however, when present, heteroplasmy usually occurs at low frequencies both within individuals and within populations. The implications of heteroplasmy may be far reaching, both to the individual in relation to its health and fitness, and when considering the evolutionary dynamics of populations. We present novel evidence for frequent mtDNA heteroplasmy in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Our findings show that heteroplasmy is common, with 5 of 29 (17%) populations screened exhibiting two mitochondrial variants in a ∼1:2 ratio within each individual. We hypothesize that the mechanism underlying heteroplasmy in bed bugs is paternal leakage because some haplotypes were shared among unrelated populations and no evidence for nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences was detected.
- MeSH
- Haplotypes genetics MeSH
- Ectoparasitic Infestations parasitology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- DNA, Mitochondrial genetics MeSH
- Bedbugs genetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Geographicals
- Missouri MeSH
- Oklahoma MeSH
Úvod: V 70.–80. rokoch minulého storočia sme sa stretávali iba sporadicky s výskytom ploštice posteľnej (Cimex lectularius Linné, 1758) v bytoch, rodinných domoch a v ubytovacích zariadeniach na Slovensku aj v Čechách. Pravidelným monitorovaním tohto ektoparazita hygienikmi z oddelení DDD (dezinfekcie, dezinsekcie a deratizácie) sa podarilo jeho výskyt nielen eliminovať, ale v 80. rokoch dokonca až eradikovať. V súčasnosti je potrebné znova riešiť tento celosvetovo významný zdravotný problém. Cimex lectularius sa opäť vracia do príbytkov človeka. Jej biologický vývoj a pôsobenie sa viaže na jeho biotop. Živí sa prevažne krvou človeka. Bodnutia plošticou sú vzhľadom a príznakmi podobné žihľavke (urtica cimicina), takže výskyt kožných problémov nie je často s týmto ektoparazitom spájaný. Kožné reakcie sú len ťažko odlíšiteľné od poštípania iným bodavým hmyzom (blchy, vši, komáre a i). Materiál a metódy: V období rokov 2006–2015 sme v diagnostickom laboratóriu humánnej parazitológie na Lekárskej fakulte UK v Bratislave vyšetrili 102 pacientov s podozrením na ektoparazitózu. Odborní a praktickí lekári pre deti a dospelých nám posielali na konzultačné parazitologické vyšetrenie pacientov s rôznymi neliečiteľnými kožnými, silne svrbiacimi červenými eflorescenciami. V diferenciálnej diagnostike sme uvažovali nad poštípaním od hmyzu (blchy, vši, komáre, ploštice a i), prípadne nad nákazou črevnými geohelmintami, ktorých toxíny môžu spôsobiť alergickú reakciu v podobe rôznych kožných zmien (urtika, makula, papula). Niektoré nejasné prípady sme preto vyšetrili aj koprologicky na črevné parazity. Parazitologickým vyšetrením pacientov a entomologickým vyšetrením pacientami prineseného hmyzu sme u viacerých jednoznačne potvrdili, že ide o kožnú ektoparazitózu (cimikózu) spôsobenú Cimex lectularius a v jednom prípade Oeciacus hirudinis. Výsledky: Zo 102 parazitologicky vyšetrených pacientov s podozrením na ektoparazitózu bolo 62 (60,8 %) dospelých a 40 (39,2 %) detí. Zo 62 dospelých bolo na cimikózu pozitívnych 57 (91,9 %) pacientov. U 5 (8,1 %) sme cimikózu nepotvrdili, avšak u 4 z nich sme diagnostikovali črevného geohelminta Ascaris lumbricoides a u jednej pacientky Sarcoptes scabiei. Z 57 pacientov s cimikózou mali 3 anémiu, 6 astmu a 10 pacientov sa liečilo u imunoalergológa na rôzne formy alergie. Pacienti okrem svrbenia kože trpeli nespavosťou, únavou, podráždenosťou a depresiami. Zo 40 detí bolo pozitívnych na cimikózu 34 (85 %). U 6 (15 %) sme ektoparazitózu nepotvrdili. U 4 detí sme koprologickým vyšetrením zistili črevného geohelminta Ascaris lumbricoides a u jedného dvojitú nákazu Ascaris lumbricoides a Enterobius vermicularis. Jedna pacientka mala diagnostikovanú zákožku svrabovú (Sarcoptes scabiei). Z 34 detí s cimikózou mali 2 anémiu, 8 astmu a 15 sa liečilo u imunoalergológa na rôzne formy alergie. Aj deti trpeli svrbením kože, nespavosťou, únavou a podráždenosťou. Záver: V súčasnosti neexistujú žiadne eradikačné plány v boji proti plošticiam. Ploštica posteľná by mala znova podliehať hlásnej službe úradom verejného zdravotníctva, ako v minulosti, čím by sa lepšie podchytilo monitorovanie jej výskytu a šírenie v populácii. Je opäť potrebné, aby sa tejto ektoparazitóze venovala rovnaká pozornosť ako iným endoparazitózam, aby sa nepodceňovala a nezabúdalo sa na ňu ani v lekárskej praxi.
Introduction: In the 1970s and 1980s we noticed the occurrence of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius Linné, 1758) in flats, family houses and accommodation facilities in Slovakia and only sporadically in the Czech Republic. Under regular monitoring of this ectoparasite by hygienists from a department of disinfection, disinsection, and deratization, it was possible not only to eliminate the occurrence of the parasite but in the 1980s even to eradicate it. Today, it is necessary again to address this major global health issue. Cimex lectularius has once again returned to human habitats. Its biological development and activity are bond to its habitat. It feeds mainly on human blood. Bed bug bites are in their appearance and symptoms similar to hives (urticaria cimicina), so the occurrence of skin problems is not being associated with this ectoparasite. Skin reactions are hardly distinguishable from bites by other biting insects (fleas, lice, mosquitoes, and others). Material and methods: Over the period 2006–2015, we examined 102 patients with suspected ectoparasitosis in the diagnostic laboratory of human parasitology at the Faculty of Medicine CU in Bratislava. Specialists and general practitioners for children and adults sporadically referred patients with various incurable skin heavily itching red efflorescences to a consultation parasitological examination. Within differential diagnosis, we considered insect bites (fleas, lice, mosquitoes, bed bugs, and others), or infestation by intestinal geohelminths whose toxins can cause allergic reactions in the form of various skin changes (urticaria, macula, papula). Therefore, we examined some unclear cases for intestinal parasites using a coprological method. By parasitological examination of patients and entomologic analysis of insects brought by patients, we managed to clearly confirm in many of them that it was skin ectoparasitosis caused by Cimex lectularius and in one case Oeciacus hirudinis. Results: A total number of 102 parasitologically examined patients with suspected ectoparasitosis included 62 (60.8%) adults and 40 (39.2%) children. Out of 62 adults, there were 57 (91.9%) patients positive for cimicosis. In 5 (8.1%) patients, cimicosis was not confirmed. However, in 4 of them, we diagnosed an intestinal geohelminth Ascaris lumbricoides and in one female patient Sarcoptes scabiei. Out of the 57 adult patients with cimicosis, there were 3 patients with anaemia, 6 patients with asthma, and 10 patients with various forms of allergy were treated by an allergist/immunologist. Patients in addition to itching skin suffered from insomnia, fatigue, irritability, and depression. Out of 40 children, there were 34 (85%) positive for cimicosis. In 6 (15%) children, ectoparasitosis was not confirmed. In 4 children, a coprological examination revealed an intestinal geohelminth Ascaris lumbricoides and in one child a double infection with Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis. One female patient was diagnosed with the itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei). Out of 34 children with cimicosis, there were 2 children with anaemia, 8 children with asthma and 15 children were treated with various forms of allergy by an allergist/immunologist. Children also suffered from itching skin, insomnia, fatigue, and irritability. Conclusion: Today, there are no eradication plans in the struggle against bed bugs. Bed bugs should again be subject to the reporting service to public health authorities, as it was in the past, and thus better record monitoring of its incidence and spread in the population. It is again essential to pay the same attention to this ectoparasitosis as to other ectoparasitoses in order it not to be underestimated nor forgotten in medical practice.
- MeSH
- Environmental Health MeSH
- Insect Bites and Stings * pathology prevention & control MeSH
- Skin Diseases etiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Bedbugs * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia MeSH
For over two decades, the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) has been undergoing a dramatic global resurgence, likely in part to the evolution of mechanisms conferring resistance to insecticides. One such mechanism is knock-down resistance (kdr), resulting from nonsynonymous mutations within the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene. To date, three mutations have been identified in C. lectularius, V419L, L925I, and I936F. Using Sanger sequencing, the frequency and distribution of these VGSC mutations across 131 populations collected from the bat-associated and human-associated lineages of C. lectularius found in Europe are documented. All populations from the bat-associated lineage lacked mutations at the three sites. In contrast, the majority of populations associated with humans (93.5%) possessed the mutation at the L925I site. The I936F mutation, previously only reported in Israel and Australia, was found in nine populations spread across several European countries, including the Czech Republic and Switzerland. The high frequency of kdr-associated resistance already reported in C. lectularius and the occurrence and broad geographic distribution of this additional VGSC mutation, questions the continued use of pyrethroids in the treatment of infestations.
- MeSH
- Insecticides pharmacology MeSH
- Mutation MeSH
- Pyrethrins pharmacology MeSH
- Insecticide Resistance genetics MeSH
- Bedbugs drug effects genetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe MeSH
