CD48
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Liposomes functionalized with monoclonal antibodies or their antigen-binding fragments have attracted much attention as specific drug delivery devices for treatment of various diseases including cancer. The conjugation of antibodies to liposomes is usually achieved by covalent coupling using cross-linkers in a reaction that might adversely affect the characteristics of the final product. Here we present an alternative strategy for liposome functionalization: we created a recombinant Fab antibody fragment genetically fused on its C-terminus to the hydrophobic peptide derived from pulmonary surfactant protein D, which became inserted into the liposomal bilayer during liposomal preparation and anchored the Fab onto the liposome surface. The Fab-conjugated liposomes specifically recognized antigen-positive cells and efficiently delivered their cargo, the Alexa Fluor 647 dye, into target cells in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our approach offers the potential for straightforward development of nanomedicines functionalized with an antibody of choice without the need of harmful cross-linkers.
- MeSH
- antigen CD48 metabolismus MeSH
- antigeny CD59 metabolismus MeSH
- imunoglobuliny - Fab fragmenty chemie imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- Jurkat buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- liposomy chemie MeSH
- lymfom imunologie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky chemie imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nádorové buňky kultivované MeSH
- peptidové fragmenty imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- protein D asociovaný s plicním surfaktantem imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The immense regenerative power of hematopoietic tissue stems from the activation of the immature stem cells and the progenitor cells. After partial damage, hematopoiesis is reconstituted through a period of intense regeneration when blood cell production originates from erythro-myeloid progenitors in the virtual absence of stem cells. Since the damaged hematopoiesis can also be reconstituted from transplanted hematopoietic cells, we asked whether this also leads to the transient state when activated progenitors initially execute blood cell production. We first showed that the early reconstitution of hematopoiesis from transplanted cells gives rise to extended populations of developmentally advanced but altered progenitor cells, similar to those previously identified in the bone marrow regenerating from endogenous cells. We then identified the cells that give rise to these progenitors after transplantation as LSK CD48- cells. In the submyeloablative irradiated host mice, the transplanted LSK CD48- cells preferably colonized the spleen. Unlike the endogenous hematopoiesis reconstituting cells, the transplanted whole bone marrow cells and sorted LSK CD48- cells had greater potential to differentiate to B-lymphopoiesis. Separate transplantation of the CD150- and CD150+ subsets of LSK CD48- cells suggested that CD150- cells had a greater preference to B-lymphopoiesis than CD150+ cells. In the intensively regenerating hematopoiesis, the CD71/Sca-1 plot of immature murine hematopoietic cells revealed that the expanded populations of altered myeloid progenitors were highly variable in the different places of hematopoietic tissues. This high variability is likely caused by the heterogeneity of the hematopoiesis supporting stroma. Lastly, we demonstrate that during the period when active hematopoiesis resumes from transplanted cells, the hematopoietic tissues still remain highly permissive for further engraftment of transplanted cells, particularly the stem cells. Thus, these results provide a rationale for the transplantation of the hematopoietic stem cells in successive doses that could be used to boost the transplantation outcome.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) accounts for about 15% of pediatric and about 25% of adult ALL cases. Minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) assessed by flow cytometry (FCM) is an important prognostic indicator for risk stratification. In order to assess the MRD a limited number of antibodies directed against the most discriminative antigens must be selected. We propose a pipeline for evaluating the influence of different markers for cell population classification in FCM data. We use linear support vector machine, fitted to each sample individually to avoid issues with patient and laboratory variations. The best separating hyperplane direction as well as the influence of omitting specific markers is considered. Ninety-one bone marrow samples of 43 pediatric T-ALL patients from five reference laboratories were analyzed by FCM regarding marker importance for blast cell identification using combinations of eight different markers. For all laboratories, CD48 and CD99 were among the top three markers with strongest contribution to the optimal hyperplane, measured by median separating hyperplane coefficient size for all samples per center and time point (diagnosis, Day 15, Day 33). Based on the available limited set tested (CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD45, CD48, CD99), our findings prove that CD48 and CD99 are useful markers for MRD monitoring in T-ALL. The proposed pipeline can be applied for evaluation of other marker combinations in the future.
- MeSH
- akutní lymfatická leukemie * diagnóza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfoblastická leukemie-lymfom z prekurzorových T-buněk * diagnóza MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- reziduální nádor diagnóza MeSH
- T-lymfocyty MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Mast cells and basophils (MCs/Bs) play a crucial role in type I allergy, as well as in innate and adaptive immune responses. These cells mediate their actions through soluble mediators, some of which are targeted therapeutically by, for example, H1- and H2-antihistamines or cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists. Recently, considerable progress has been made in developing new drugs that target additional MC/B mediators or receptors, such as serine proteinases, histamine 4-receptor, 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, 15-lipoxygenase-1, prostaglandin D2, and proinflammatory cytokines. Mediator production can be abrogated by the use of inhibitors directed against key intracellular enzymes, some of which have been used in clinical trials (eg, inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Bruton tyrosine kinase, and the protein tyrosine kinase KIT). Reduced MC/B function can also be achieved by enhancing Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5' phosphatase 1 activity or by blocking sphingosine-1-phosphate. Therapeutic interventions in mast cell-associated diseases potentially include drugs that either block ion channels and adhesion molecules or antagonize antiapoptotic effects on B-cell lymphoma 2 family members. MCs/Bs express high-affinity IgE receptors, and blocking their interactions with IgE has been a prime goal in antiallergic therapy. Surface-activating receptors, such as CD48 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptors, as well as inhibitory receptors, such as CD300a, FcγRIIb, and endocannabinoid receptors, hold promising therapeutic possibilities based on preclinical studies. The inhibition of activating receptors might help prevent allergic reactions from developing, although most of the candidate drugs are not sufficiently cell specific. In this review recent advances in the development of novel therapeutics toward different molecules of MCs/Bs are presented.
- MeSH
- alergie imunologie terapie MeSH
- antialergika farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- apoptóza účinky léků MeSH
- bazofily imunologie MeSH
- cílená molekulární terapie MeSH
- degranulace buněk účinky léků MeSH
- imunoterapie metody trendy MeSH
- iontové kanály antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mastocyty imunologie MeSH
- molekuly buněčné adheze antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- receptory IgE antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- receptory kanabinoidní metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Following infection and initial multiplication in the gut lumen, Salmonella Typhimurium crosses the intestinal epithelial barrier and comes into contact with cells of the host immune system. Mononuclear phagocytes which comprise macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are of key importance for the outcome of Salmonella infection. Although macrophages and DC may differentiate from a common precursor, their capacities to process and present antigen differ significantly. In this study, we therefore compared the response of porcine macrophages and DC differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes to S. Typhimurium and one of the most potent bacterial pathogen associated molecular patterns, bacterial lipopolysaccharide. To avoid any bias, the expression was determined by protein LC-MS/MS and verified at the level of transcription by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: Within 4 days of culture, peripheral blood monocytes differentiated into two populations with distinct morphology and expression of MHC II. Mass spectrometry identified 446 proteins in macrophages and 672 in DC. Out of these, 433 proteins were inducible in macrophages either after infection with S. Typhimurium or LPS exposure and 144 proteins were inducible in DC. The expression of the 46 most inducible proteins was verified at the level of transcription and the differential expression was confirmed in 22 of them. Out of these, 16 genes were induced in both cell types, 3 genes (VCAM1, HMOX1 and Serglycin) were significantly induced in macrophages only and OLDLR1 and CDC42 were induced exclusively in DC. Thirteen out of 22 up-regulated genes contained the NF-kappaB binding site in their promoters and could be considered as either part of the NF-kappaB feedback loop (IkappaBalpha and ISG15) or as NF-kappaB targets (IL1beta, IL1alpha, AMCF2, IL8, SOD2, CD14, CD48, OPN, OLDLR1, HMOX1 and VCAM1). CONCLUSIONS: The difference in the response of monocyte derived macrophages and DC was quantitative rather than qualitative. Despite the similarity of the responses, compared to DC, the macrophages responded in a more pro-inflammatory fashion.
- MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace MeSH
- dendritické buňky účinky léků imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lipopolysacharidy farmakologie MeSH
- makrofágy cytologie účinky léků imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- prasata * MeSH
- regulace genové exprese účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- Salmonella typhimurium fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) for bone marrow transplantation are currently obtained directly from living voluntary donors or from cord blood units. However, a suitable donor is not always found. Because HSPC are known for their relative resistance to hypoxia, using an experimental murine model, we explored cadaveric bone marrow (BM) as their alternative source. After donor mice were sacrificed, BM was left in intact femurs at 37°C, 20°C, or 4°C under ischemic conditions, resulting in combined oxygen and metabolic substrate shortage and the accumulation of metabolic waste products. BM cells were harvested after a set time period ranging from 0 to 48 hours. To determine the impact of delayed harvesting on the transplantability of HSPC, a competitive repopulation assay using a murine Ly5.1/Ly5.2 congenic model in 2 different settings was used: after submyeloablative (6 Gy) or myeloablative (9 Gy) total-body irradiation, Ly5.2 hosts received cadaveric Ly5.1 cells or a mixture of cadaveric Ly5.1 cells and fresh Ly5.2 cells in a 1:1 ratio. Chimerism resulting from cadaveric donor cells, followed up to 6 months after transplantation, proved that the long-term repopulation ability of HSPC was fully preserved for 2 hours, 6 hours, and 12 hours at 37°C, 20°C, and 4°C of ischemia, respectively. A colony-forming unit-spleen (CFU-S) clonogenic assay revealed a higher sensitivity of proliferating hematopoietic progenitors to ischemia compared to repopulating cells (STRC and LTRC). Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis in cadaveric BM demonstrated that the LSK (Lin(low)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(+)) subpopulation, enriched in HSPC, contained less apoptotic and dead cells than the BM as a whole. Furthermore, the number of LSK SLAM (CD150(+)CD48(-)) and LSK SP (side population) cells (fractions highly enriched in hematopoietic stem cells) decreased in parallel with BM transplantability. As well as cadaveric BM cells, we also tested the transplantability and survival of BM cells after storage in a suspension in vitro without specific hematopoietic growth factors. HSPC did not display any decrease in transplantability after 2 days of storage at 37°C or 4 days at 4°C. A higher sensitivity of progenitors to unfavorable conditions was observed again using CFU-S and granulocyte macrophage-colony forming cell (GM-CFC) assays, especially at 37°C. This paper shows that HSPC survive the cessation of circulation for a considerable time and maintain their engraftment potential. This time is significantly extended with in vitro storage compared to the cadaveric BM.
- MeSH
- celotělové ozáření MeSH
- hematopoetické kmenové buňky cytologie fyziologie MeSH
- hematopoéza MeSH
- hypoxie MeSH
- ischemie MeSH
- kostní dřeň MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mrtvola MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ochrana biologická MeSH
- transplantace kostní dřeně MeSH
- uchovávání tkání MeSH
- viabilita buněk MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Koncentrácia voľného cytosolového vápnika ([Ca2+]i) je veľmi dôležitým signálnym mediátorom pre množstvo biologických systémov. Katióny vápnika (Ca2+) sú významnými ubikvitárnymi poslami, ktoré kontrolujú široké spektrum bunkových procesov. [Ca2+]i je kontrolovaná mechanizmami, ktoré regulujú vstup vápnika z extracelulárneho priestoru a jeho uvoľnenie z intracelulárnych priestorov. Aktivitou ATP-dependentných Ca2+ púmp a výmenníkových systémov sa vápnik vracia do intracelulárnych zásobníkov alebo sa odčerpáva z bunky. Chronické ochorenie obličiek je spojené so signifikantným zvýšením [Ca2+]i, ktoré je pre bunky toxické a môže byť zodpovedné za mnohé orgánové poruchy. Za zmeny vápnikovej homeostázy buniek u pacientov s chronickým ochorením obličiek zodpovedá navzájom prepojený komplex procesov. Naše štúdie objasňujú patofyziologické mechanizmy, podieľajúce sa na zmenenej homeostáze vápnika v periférnych mononukleárnych bunkách, ktoré sú modelom neexcitabilných buniek. [Ca2+]i je signifikantne zvýšená už v skorých štádiách chronického ochorenia obličiek. Koncentrácia intracelulárnych vápnikových rezerv a kapacitný vstup vápnika sú v porovnaní so zdravými dobrovoľníkmi významne zvýšené. Na tomto zvýšení sa podieľajú aj „pore-forming“ P2X7 receptory, ktoré majú u pacientov s chronickým ochorením obličiek zmenenú funkciu a vo zvýšenej miere sa exprimujú. Na druhej strane je aktivita plazmatických Ca2+-ATPáz zodpovedných za odstraňovanie nadbytočného vápnika z bunky znížená o 25 %. To znamená, že pri chronickom ochoreniu obličiek sú porušené ako mechanizmy vstupu, tak aj výstupu vápnika z bunky. Všetky tieto poruchy sa v signalizácii vápnika podieľajú na zvýšenej [Ca2+]i už v skorých štádiách renálneho ochorenia.
Free intracellular calcium represents a critical signaling mediator in a number of biological systems. Calcium cations (Ca2+) are an important ubiquitous messenger, controlling a broad range of cellular processes. Free cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is controlled by mechanisms that regulate Ca2+ entry from the extracellular space and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, and by the activity of ATP-dependent Ca2+ pumps and antiporters that move Ca2+ back into stores or out of cells. Chronic kidney disease is associated with a significant elevation in [Ca2+]i which is toxic to the cells and may be responsible for a multiple organ dysfunction. Disturbances in cellular calcium homeostasis in patients with chronic kidney disease represent a complex process. Our studies elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms of altered cellular calcium homeostasis in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells which represent the model of nonexcitable cells in patients with chronic kidney disease. The results demonstrate that [Ca2+]i is significantly increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells already in early stages of chronic kidney disease. The calcium concentration of intracellular stores and the capacitative calcium entry into the cells of these patients are significantly higher in comparison with healthy volunteers. Also the pore-forming P2X7 receptors participate in increased [Ca2+]i in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic kidney disease. An altered P2X7 receptor function and increased P2X7 receptor expression may contribute to the complex disturbances in intracellular calcium homeostasis in chronic kidney disease. On the other hand, the activity of plasmatic membrane Ca2+-ATPases which is responsible for removing excessive calcium out of the cell, was found to be decreased by 25 % when compared to healthy subjects. It means that not only the mechanisms of entry, but also of the removal are impaired by the disease. All these alterations in calcium signaling are contributing very likely to the elevated [Ca2+]i from early stages of chronic kidney disease.
- MeSH
- ATPasy přenášející vápník přes plazmatickou membránu * diagnostické užití metabolismus nedostatek MeSH
- chronické selhání ledvin * metabolismus MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- homeostáza fyziologie MeSH
- intracelulární membrány metabolismus MeSH
- intracelulární prostor * metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- vápník * metabolismus MeSH
- vápníková signalizace * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
