Fytoterapie má nezastupitelnou roli v léčbě diabetes mellitus (DM) především pro svůj adjuvantní účinek, který může vést ke snížení spotřeby klasických farmak a oddálit nástup pozdních komplikací diabetu. Na trhu je dostupné velké množství fytoterapeutik, která jsou registrována jako léčiva nebo potravní doplňky. Cílem této práce je představit přehled vybraných rostlinných drog s prokázaným podpůrným terapeutickým účinkem se zaměřením na preklinické i klinické studie.

Phytotherapy has an irreplaceable role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), mainly because of its adjuvant effect, which can lead to a decrease in the consumption of classic drugs and delay the onset of late complications of diabetes. A large number of phytotherapeutics are available on the market and they are registered as pharmaceuticals or food supplements. The aim of this work is to present an overview of selected herbal drugs with proven supportive therapeutic effect, focusing on preclinical and clinical studies.

• Klíčová slova
• Coccinia grandis,
• MeSH
• Annona MeSH
• čajovník čínský MeSH
• Citrullus colocynthis MeSH
• Cucurbitaceae MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• fytoterapie MeSH
• hořčice rodu Brassica MeSH
• hypoglykemika * farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
• léčivé rostliny * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH
• skořicovník MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Dýňová semena,
• MeSH
• Cucurbita * chemie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Cucurbitaceae chemie   klasifikace   MeSH
• jedlá semena MeSH
• jedlé rostliny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• populární práce MeSH

• MeSH
• Cucurbitaceae MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nutriční hodnota MeSH
• zelenina MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Cyclanthera pedata,
• MeSH
• Cucurbitaceae * chemie   MeSH
• fytoterapie MeSH
• léčivé rostliny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The downy mildew pathogen, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, which infects plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, has undergone major changes during the last decade. Disease severity and epidemics are far more destructive than previously reported, and new genotypes, races, pathotypes, and mating types of the pathogen have been discovered in populations from around the globe as a result of the resurgence of the disease. Consequently, disease control through host plant resistance and fungicide applications has become more complex. This resurgence of P. cubensis offers challenges to scientists in many research areas including pathogen biology, epidemiology and dispersal, population structure and population genetics, host preference, host-pathogen interactions and gene expression, genetic host plant resistance, inheritance of host and fungicide resistance, and chemical disease control. This review serves to summarize the current status of this major pathogen and to guide future management and research efforts within this pathosystem.

• MeSH
• antibiotická rezistence MeSH
• Cucurbitaceae genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fungicidy průmyslové MeSH
• imunita rostlin genetika   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika   MeSH
• kontrola škůdců MeSH
• nemoci rostlin MeSH
• oomycety fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

Before the advent of molecular phylogenetics, species concepts in the downy mildews, an economically important group of obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogens, have mostly been based upon host range and morphology. While molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed a narrow host range for many downy mildew species, others, like Pseudoperonospora cubensis affect even different genera. Although often morphological differences were found for new, phylogenetically distinct species, uncertainty prevails regarding their host ranges, especially regarding related plants that have been reported as downy mildew hosts, but were not included in the phylogenetic studies. In these cases, the basis for deciding if the divergence in some morphological characters can be deemed sufficient for designation as separate species is uncertain, as observed morphological divergence could be due to different host matrices colonised. The broad host range of P. cubensis (ca. 60 host species) renders this pathogen an ideal model organism for the investigation of morphological variations in relation to the host matrix and to evaluate which characteristics are best indicators for conspecificity or distinctiveness. On the basis of twelve morphological characterisitcs and a set of twelve cucurbits from five different Cucurbitaceae tribes, including the two species, Cyclanthera pedata and Thladiantha dubia, hitherto not reported as hosts of P. cubensis, a significant influence of the host matrix on pathogen morphology was found. Given the high intraspecific variation of some characteristics, also their plasticity has to be taken into account. The implications for morphological species determination and the confidence limits of morphological characteristics are discussed. For species delimitations in Pseudoperonospora it is shown that the ratio of the height of the first ramification to the sporangiophore length, ratio of the longer to the shorter ultimate branchlet, and especially the length and width of sporangia, as well as, with some reservations, their ratio, are the most suitable characteristics for species delimitation.

• MeSH
• Cucurbitaceae mikrobiologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
• oomycety cytologie   genetika   MeSH
• sporangia anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH