Two new genera, Rhamphoriopsis and Xylolentia, are described for lignicolous perithecial ascomycetes occurring in terrestrial habitats. Fresh material, living cultures, morphology, and DNA sequence data (nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacers [ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS], 18S and 28S genes, and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II = RPB2) of these taxa and morphologically similar fungi were studied to determine their relationships. A monophyletic clade including Rhamphoria, Rhodoveronaea, a dematiaceous hyphomycete Linkosia multiseptum, and the two new genera was recovered in the Sordariomycetes based on the 18S-28S-RPB2 data set. It is introduced as the family Rhamphoriaceae and strongly supported by Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Its members are characterized by perithecial ascomata with a cylindrical or rostrate neck, the absence of stromatic tissue or clypeus, similar anatomy of two-layered ascomatal walls, cylindrical paraphyses, unitunicate asci with a distinct, nonamyloid apical annulus, and dictyoseptate or transversely septate, hyaline or brown ascospores. The mode of conidiogenesis is holoblastic, predominantly on polyblastic-denticulate conidiogenous cells. The Phaeoisaria-like anamorph has been linked to Rhamphoria and Rhamphoriopsis, whereas conidia and conidiophores of Idriella-like synanamorph were formed in vitro in two species of Rhamphoria. The Veronaea-like anamorph is associated with Rhodoveronaea. The anamorph of Xylolentia is a dematiaceous hyphomycete with conidiogenous cells with sympodially extending rachis. A key to members of the family is provided. The classification and nature of species boundaries in Rhamphoria are discussed, and diagnostic characters such as ascospore shape, number of transverse and longitudinal septa, a degree of constriction at the septa, and ability to produce ascoconidia are evaluated.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• multigenová rodina MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa II genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• spory hub klasifikace   MeSH
• Xylariales genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The monotypic genus Xylochrysis is introduced for a lignicolous perithecial ascomycete that possesses golden yellow ascomata with black glabrous necks, a three-layered ascomatal wall, persistent paraphyses, and cylindrical, long-stipitate unitunicate asci with an inamyloid apical annulus, and hyaline, ellipsoidal, unicellular ascospores. In culture it produces hyaline conidiophores with terminally arranged branches bearing metulae, conidiogenous cells and holoblastic conidia. Phylogenetic analysis of two ribosomal (nc18S and nc28S rDNA) and one protein-coding (RPB2) gene position this species within the Sordariomycetidae but without close ordinal or familial affiliation. Morphological and molecular DNA data support the recognition of this new genus and suggest that Xylochrysis is most closely related to the genera Ceratolenta, Cyanoannulus and Woswasia.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• dřevo mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lignin metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• spory hub klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Wood-inhabiting taxa of the Sordariomycetidae comprise several distantly related monotypic or small genera, which lack familial or ordinal affiliation and share a simple and inconspicuous morphology of dark ascomata with carbonaceous walls and long necks, stipitate asci and hyaline ellipsoidal, fusiform to cylindrical ascospores. Recent collections of an undescribed fungus and of Ceratosphaeria abietis reveal two additional evolutionary lineages characterized by this simple and indistinct teleomorph morphology. Phylogenetic analysis of three genes, small and large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (nc28S and nc18S rDNA) combined with the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), supports the recognition of two new genera, Ceratolenta and Platytrachelon for C. abietis. Platytrachelon abietis is redescribed and illustrated based on additional collections. In culture it produced a dematiaceous hyphomycetous anamorph with blastic conidiogenesis and ellipsoidal, septate, pale brown conidia. It was associated with a synanamorph producing cylindrical, strongly curved hyaline conidia. Molecular data suggest a relationship of Platytrachelon with the Papulosaceae, while Ceratolenta forms a monophylum on a separate branch. Both taxonomic novelties possess striking morphological similarities with Ceratosphaeria, Lentomitella and Rhodoveronaea, which recently were reinstated based on DNA sequence data. A key to morphologically similar wood-inhabiting fungi classified in the Sordariomycetidae is provided.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fungální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa II genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• spory hub cytologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Two strains of an unidentified perithecial ascomycete with a dactylaria-like anamorph and another morphologically similar strain of a dactylaria-like fungus were collected on decaying wood submerged in freshwater. To study their phylogenetic relationships we (i) combined sequence data from the nuclear small and large subunits ribosomal DNA (nc18S and nc28S) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) for a multigene phylogenetic analysis and (ii) used sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rRNA operon for a species-level analysis. The new genus Pleurotheciella is described for two new species, Pla. rivularia and Pla. centenaria, with nonstromatic perithecia, unitunicate asci, persistent paraphyses and hyaline, septate ascospores and dactylaria-like anamorphs characterized by holoblastic, denticulate conidiogenesis, subhyaline conidiophores and hyaline, septate conidia. Based on morphological and molecular data, Pleurotheciella is closely related to the genera Pleurothecium and Sterigmatobotrys. A key to the three genera and the known species is provided. In the three-gene inferred phylogeny, these genera grouped as a sister clade to the Savoryellales within a robust clade of uncertain higher rank affiliation. Phylogenetic study of the 12 strains that represent Pleurothecium recurvatum revealed four that grouped apart from the core of the species. Two of these strains, which form a monophyletic well supported clade in both phylogenies and share similar morphological characteristics, are described as a new species, Pleurothecium semifecundum.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• dřevo mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fungální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• mykologické určovací techniky MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa II genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sladká voda MeSH
• spory hub klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: The aim of this basic study was to investigate by scanning electron microscopy the effects of cytoskeleton inhibitors on conidiogenesis and capsule in the yeast Fellomyces fuzhouensis CBS 8243, related to Cryptococcus neoformans. METHODS: Cells were treated by methyl benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate (BCM) and latrunculin A (LAT) in yeast extract peptone dextrose medium and examined by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: During conidiogenesis, mother cells covered by capsule formed hypha-like stalks and at the hyphal tip yeast-like conidium developed. LAT blocked both stages of conidiogenesis. Inhibited mother cells and conidia became spherical and their capsule disappeared. BCM did not block formation of conidia that were neckless, or affect capsule. Combined application of LAT and BCM blocked both stages of conidiogenesis, cells became spherical and their capsule disappeared. CONCLUSION: Yeast cells with disrupted actin cytoskeleton do not reproduce by conidiogenesis and do not retain inherited cell shape and capsule.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota účinky léků   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• bicyklické sloučeniny heterocyklické farmakologie   MeSH
• cytoskelet účinky léků   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací metody   MeSH
• spory hub účinky léků   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• thiazolidiny farmakologie   MeSH
• tvar buňky účinky léků   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota patogenita   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• buňky ultrastruktura   MeSH
• kvasinky patogenita   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• nepohlavní rozmnožování MeSH