BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Macrophages are linked to the initiation of the chronic inflammation believed to underlie the changes taking place in the white fatty tissue of obese people. Both the number of macrophages, but their functional status, play an important role in the development of inflammation. Classically, macrophages are divided into two types: pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) types, and based on current immunological studies, further views on the functional distribution of macrophages are suggested. In this study, we evaluated the M1 and M2 macrophages ratio in obese subjects with, or without diabetes. To identify all macrophages, we used CD68 expression, while CD204 expression is typically used for the M2 macrophage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During bariatric surgery, carried out in obese people with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D), we obtained subcutaneous adipose tissue from the navel and omental adipose tissue. We also obtained the same tissue from people with a physiological range of BMI from a judicial autopsy. Applying immunohistochemical staining anti-CD68 and anti-CD204, we carried out a quantitative evaluation of the number of macrophages. RESULTS: We found CD68+ and CD204+ positive macrophages in perivascular spaces and between fat cells, both isolated and in larger infiltrates. They were also present in so-called "crown-like structures" (CLS) around dying adipocytes. Quantitative analysis showed an increased number of macrophages in all obese patients compared to the control group of non-obese, individuals without T2D. The most striking observation was the macrophage increase in the visceral fatty tissue of diabetics. The number of CD68 and CD204 positive macrophages was statistically significantly smaller in patients without T2D. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a significantly greater number of macrophages in visceral adipose tissue, especially in patients with T2D. Our results also show a positive correlation between the presence of T2D and the total number of macrophages; a significantly greater number of macrophages were found in visceral adipose tissue, especially in patients with T2D.

• MeSH
• antigeny diferenciační myelomonocytární MeSH
• bariatrická chirurgie MeSH
• bílá tuková tkáň imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• CD antigeny MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu imunologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• imunofenotypizace MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nitrobřišní tuk imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• obezita imunologie   patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• omentum MeSH
• podkožní tuk imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• scavengerové receptory - třída A MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The tongue of the lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) was evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue were densely covered with various types of lingual papillae. Two types of mechanical papillae (filiform and conical) and two types of sensory papillae (fungiform and vallate) were observed. Rostrocaudally, the number of spikes in filiform papillae increased. Filiform, crown-like papillae were found on the radix, as well as large conical papillae with a wide base and a caudally bent single spike. Fungiform papillae were scattered in four rows on the dorsal surface. Three vallate papillae in inverse triangular layout were developed in the area of the lingual radix. Taste buds were found in the sensory papillae, i.e., fungiform and vallate. The lingual glands were predominantly seromucous. These glands were evenly scattered from the caudal portion of the lingual apex to the lingual radix. Purely serous glands were localized close to vallate papillae. A histochemical analysis of glands was performed. Results were compared to the Afrotheria (tenrec's relatives) and Eulipotyphla (animals with similar feeding habits to tenrecs). This study is the first description of the lingual morphology in the member of the Order Afrosoricida. Moreover, it compares the effect of the phylogenetic relation to the effect of the feeding habits on the lingual morphology.

• MeSH
• jazyk ultrastruktura   MeSH
• ježkovití anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: CD68+ cells are a potent source of inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue and myocardium. The development of low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue is implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. The main aim of the study was to characterize and quantify myocardial and adipose tissue CD68+ cells and adipose tissue crown-like structures (CLS) in patients with obesity, coronary artery disease (CAD) and T2DM. METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples were obtained from the right atrium, epicardial (EAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) during elective heart surgery (non-obese, n = 34 patients; obese, n = 24 patients). Immunohistochemistry was used to visualize CD68+ cells. M1-polarized macrophages were visualized by immunohistochemical detection of CD11c. The proportion of CD68+ cells was higher in EAT than in SAT (43.4 ± 25.0 versus 32.5 ± 23.1 cells per 1 mm2; p = 0.015). Myocardial CD68+ cells were more abundant in obese patients (45.6 ± 24.5 versus 27.7 ± 14.8 cells per 1 mm2; p = 0.045). In SAT, CD68+ cells were more frequent in CAD patients (37.3 ± 23.0 versus 23.1 ± 20.9 cells per 1 mm2; p = 0.012). Patients having CLS in their SAT had higher average BMI (34.1 ± 6.4 versus 29.0 ± 4.5; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Regional-based increases in the frequency of CD68+ cells and changes of their phenotype in CLS were detected in obese patients and CAD patients. Therapeutic modulation of adipose tissue inflammation may represent a target for treatment of obesity.

• MeSH
• antigeny CD11c analýza   MeSH
• antigeny diferenciační myelomonocytární analýza   MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   MeSH
• CD antigeny analýza   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• myokard imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• nemoci koronárních tepen imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• obezita imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• počet buněk MeSH
• podkožní tuk imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• zánět imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• maxila chirurgie   MeSH
• stomatologické nemoci * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• ústa diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Publikační typ
• atlasy MeSH
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Stomatologie
• NLK Obory
• zubní lékařství

Background and Aims: Knowledge of diploid phylogeny and ecogeography provide a foundation for understanding plant evolutionary history, diversification patterns and taxonomy. The genus Anthoxanthum (vernal grasses, Poaceae) represents a taxonomically intricate polyploid complex with large phenotypic variation and poorly resolved evolutionary relationships. The aims of the study were to reveal: (1) evolutionary lineages of the diploid taxa and their genetic differentiation; (2) the past distribution of the rediscovered 'Mediterranean diploid'; and (3) possible migration routes of diploids in the Mediterranean. Methods: A combined approach involving sequencing of two plastid regions ( trnL-trnF and rpl32-trnL ), nrDNA ITS, rDNA FISH analyses, climatic niche characterization and spatio-temporal modelling was used. Key Results: Among the examined diploid species, only two well-differentiated evolutionary lineages were recognized: Anthoxanthum gracile and A. alpinum . The other taxa - A. aristatum, A. ovatum, A. maderense and the 'Mediterranean diploid' - form a rather intermixed group based on the examined molecular data. In situ rDNA localization enabled identification of the ancestral Anthoxanthum karyotype, shared by A. gracile and two taxa from the crown group. For the studied taxa, ancestral location probabilities for six discrete geographical regions in the Mediterranean were proposed and likely scenarios of gradual expansion from them were suggested. Modelling past and present distributions shows that the 'Mediterranean diploid' has already been occurring in the same localities for 120 000 years. Conclusions: Highly congruent results were obtained and dated the origin and first diversification of Anthoxanthum to the Miocene. The later divergence probably took place in the Pleistocene and started polyploid evolution within the genus. The most recent diversification event is still occurring, and incomplete lineage sorting prevents full diversification of taxa at the molecular level, despite clear separation based on climatic niches. The 'Mediterranean diploid' is hypothesized to be a possible relic of the most recent common ancestor of Anthoxanthum due to their sharing of ancestral features.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• diploidie * MeSH
• DNA chloroplastová genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• lipnicovité klasifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středomoří MeSH

The tongue of an adult degu was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. It consists of an apex, corpus, and radix and contains a lingual prominence. The aim of this study was to describe the course of muscle fascicles of the proper lingual muscle, the presence and nature of the lingual salivary glands, and particularly the appearance and distribution of the lingual papillae. Three major types of papillae have been observed: filiform, conical, and vallate. The dorsal surface of the lingual apex extends in caudally bent filiform papillae with two spines. The lingual corpus bears long filiform papillae with a single tip. The lingual radix contains crown-like papillae in the region of the prominence and conical papillae in the remaining areas. Two oval vallate papillae were discovered caudally on the lingual radix. This first description of the lingual structures in a degu could be used for comparative studies or as basic data for differentiation of lingual morphology in this species.

• MeSH
• jazyk anatomie a histologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací * MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• Octodon anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

UNLABELLED: The western honeybee (Apis mellifera) is the most important commercial insect pollinator. However, bees are under pressure from habitat loss, environmental stress, and pathogens, including viruses that can cause lethal epidemics. Slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV) belongs to the Iflaviridae family of nonenveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. Here we present the structure of the SBPV virion determined from two crystal forms to resolutions of 3.4 Å and 2.6 Å. The overall structure of the virion resembles that of picornaviruses, with the three major capsid proteins VP1 to 3 organized into a pseudo-T3 icosahedral capsid. However, the SBPV capsid protein VP3 contains a C-terminal globular domain that has not been observed in other viruses from the order Picornavirales The protruding (P) domains form "crowns" on the virion surface around each 5-fold axis in one of the crystal forms. However, the P domains are shifted 36 Å toward the 3-fold axis in the other crystal form. Furthermore, the P domain contains the Ser-His-Asp triad within a surface patch of eight conserved residues that constitutes a putative catalytic or receptor-binding site. The movements of the domain might be required for efficient substrate cleavage or receptor binding during virus cell entry. In addition, capsid protein VP2 contains an RGD sequence that is exposed on the virion surface, indicating that integrins might be cellular receptors of SBPV. IMPORTANCE: Pollination by honeybees is needed to sustain agricultural productivity as well as the biodiversity of wild flora. However, honeybee populations in Europe and North America have been declining since the 1950s. Honeybee viruses from the Iflaviridae family are among the major causes of honeybee colony mortality. We determined the virion structure of an Iflavirus, slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV). SBPV exhibits unique structural features not observed in other picorna-like viruses. The SBPV capsid protein VP3 has a large C-terminal domain, five of which form highly prominent protruding "crowns" on the virion surface. However, the domains can change their positions depending on the conditions of the environment. The domain includes a putative catalytic or receptor binding site that might be important for SBPV cell entry.

• MeSH
• kapsida ultrastruktura   MeSH
• krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
• molekulární modely MeSH
• RNA-viry ultrastruktura   MeSH
• včely virologie   MeSH
• virion ultrastruktura   MeSH
• virové struktury * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Termites have colonized many habitats and are among the most abundant animals in tropical ecosystems, which they modify considerably through their actions. The timing of their rise in abundance and of the dispersal events that gave rise to modern termite lineages is not well understood. To shed light on termite origins and diversification, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of 48 termite species and combined them with 18 previously sequenced termite mitochondrial genomes for phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses using multiple fossil calibrations. The 66 genomes represent most major clades of termites. Unlike previous phylogenetic studies based on fewer molecular data, our phylogenetic tree is fully resolved for the lower termites. The phylogenetic positions of Macrotermitinae and Apicotermitinae are also resolved as the basal groups in the higher termites, but in the crown termitid groups, including Termitinae + Syntermitinae + Nasutitermitinae + Cubitermitinae, the position of some nodes remains uncertain. Our molecular clock tree indicates that the lineages leading to termites and Cryptocercus roaches diverged 170 Ma (153-196 Ma 95% confidence interval [CI]), that modern Termitidae arose 54 Ma (46-66 Ma 95% CI), and that the crown termitid group arose 40 Ma (35-49 Ma 95% CI). This indicates that the distribution of basal termite clades was influenced by the final stages of the breakup of Pangaea. Our inference of ancestral geographic ranges shows that the Termitidae, which includes more than 75% of extant termite species, most likely originated in Africa or Asia, and acquired their pantropical distribution after a series of dispersal and subsequent diversification events.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom mitochondriální genetika   MeSH
• Isoptera klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• intrakraniální translucence,
• MeSH
• aneuploidie * MeSH
• dvojčata dizygotní MeSH
• dvojčata monozygotní MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství diagnóza   krev   ultrasonografie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidský choriogonadotropin, beta podjednotka krev   MeSH
• měření nuchální translucence metody   MeSH
• nemoci plodu diagnóza   ultrasonografie   MeSH
• plod abnormality   anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• plošný screening * metody   MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• první trimestr těhotenství * MeSH
• screeningové krevní testy v těhotenství metody   MeSH
• těhotenský plazmatický protein A analýza   MeSH
• temenokostrční délka MeSH
• ultrasonografie prenatální metody   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vrozené vady diagnóza   krev   ultrasonografie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Specimens of the nematode genus Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916 (Rhabdochonidae) were collected during helminthological examination of four species of cyprinid fishes in two rivers of the Amur River basin in the Russian Far East (Primorsky Region) in June 2011. Detailed light microscopical (LM) and scanning electron microscopical (SEM) examinations (the latter used for the first time for the reported nematode species) of the available material revealed the presence of three inadequately described nominal species of this genus: R. (Rhabdochona) denudata (Dujardin, 1845) from the spotted steed Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker (Gobioninae), and R. (Rhabdochona) longispicula Belous in Roytman, 1963 and R. (Globochonoides) coronacauda Belous, 1965 from Culter alburnus Basilewsky (Cultrinae) in the Ilistaya River. Detailed morphological study of these worms, especially SEM examination, made it possible to reveal some previously unreported morphological features (e.g., the presence of sublabia or the character of ventral precloacal ridges) and to confirm other taxonomically important characters such as the shape of deirids, number of anterior prostomal teeth, number and situation of lateral preanal and postanal papillae or the detailed structure of the crown-like formation on the female tail tip in R. coronacauda. Unidentifiable Rhabdochona (Rhabdochona) gravid females were recorded from the humpback Chanodichthys dabryi (Bleeker) (Cultrinae) in the Ilistaya River and from the Amur minnow Rhynchocypris lagowskii (Dybowski) (Leuciscinae) in the Komissarovka River.

• MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• hlístice klasifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• nemoci ryb parazitologie   MeSH
• řeky MeSH
• ryby MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Rusko MeSH