Encephalitozoon cuniculi
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Mikrosporidie jsou obligátní intracelulární paraziti řazení do samostatného kmene Microsporidia. Tento kmen zahrnuje přes 1000 drnhů klasifikovaných přibližně do 100 rodů. Tito paraziti jsou původci onemocnění jednobuněčných organismů, členovců a mohou infikovat i zástupce všech skupin obratlovců. Z historického hlediska působily mikrosporidiové infekce bourců, včel a lososovitých ryb značné ekonomické ztráty. V současné době je mikrosporidióza řazena mezi oportunní infekce imunodeficientních pacientů. Informace v této literární rešerši se týkají zejména imunobiologie mikrosporidií Encephalitozoon cuniculi a Encephalitozoon intestinalis, které jsou spolu s mikrosporidií Enterocytozoon bieneusi nejčastějšími původci mikrosporidiózy u savců. S mikrosporidií E. cuniculi bylo provedeno dosud nejvíce experimentálních studií a z imunologického hlediska je nejlépe prostudovaným druhem rodu Encephalitozoon.
Microsporidia (phylum Microsporidia) are intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of protozoa, invertebrates and vertebrate hosts. Over a 1000 species have been classified finto approximately 100 genera. Historically, microsporidial infections in silkworms, honey bees, and sahnonid fish have been responsible for significant economic losses. More recently, microsporidiosis has been recognized as an important opportunistic infection in immunologicaly compromised patients. In this review there is information on the immunobiology of microsporidia Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis which esere identified as the most common causative agents of microsporidiosis in mammals. Most of what is known about the immunology of microsporidiosis is based on experiments with the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi.
Stav imunitného systému jedinca zohráva kľúčovú úlohu pri regulácii oportúnnych infekcií. V bojiproti intracelulárnym parazitom sa uplatňujú viaceré nešpecifické ako aj špecifické imunitnémechanizmy. Dominantnú úlohu v reakcii na infekciu zástupcami rodu Encephalitozoon mábunkousprostredkovaná imunitná odpoveď. Encephalitozoon cuniculi, ako najviac preskúmaný zástupcatohto rodu, je schopný prežívať v organizme hostiteľa aj napriek jeho aktívnej imunitnej odpovedi.Latentná asymptomatická infekcia prebieha len dovtedy, kým sú množenie parazita a imunitnáodpoveď v rovnováhe. Preto je dôležité poznať imunitné mechanizmy, ktoré sa zúčastňujú nazvládnutí tejto infekcie.
The immunity systemstatus of an individual plays the key role in regulation of opportune infection.In the fight against the intracellular parasites several non-specific as well as specific immunitymechanisms are applied. The dominant role in response to infection caused by the representativesof genus Encephalitozoon plays the cell-mediated immune response. Encephalitozoon cuniculi, asthe most explored representative of this genus is able to survive in the host organism despite hisactive immunity response. Latent asymptomatic infection goes on only as long as the parasitemultiplication and immune response are balanced.
Total joint arthroplasty is a commonly used surgical procedure in orthopedics. Revision surgeries are required in >10% of patients mainly because of prosthetic joint infection caused by bacteria or aseptic implant loosening caused by chronic inflammation. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidium, an obligate intracellular parasite, capable of exploiting migrating proinflammatory immune cells for dissemination within the host. We used molecular detection methods to evaluate the incidence of E. cuniculi among patients who had total hip or knee arthroplasty revision. Out of 49 patients, E. cuniculi genotypes I, II, or III were confirmed in joint samples from 3 men and 2 women who had implant loosening. Understanding the risks associated with the presence of microsporidia in periprosthetic joint infections is essential for proper management of arthroplasty. Furthermore, E. cuniculi should be considered a potential contributing cause of joint inflammation and arthrosis.
- MeSH
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi * genetika MeSH
- encephalitozoonóza * epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Microsporidia * genetika MeSH
- zánět MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
We retrospectively analyzed of 211 frozen cerebrospinal fluid samples from immunocompetent persons in the Czech Republic and detected 6 Encephalitozoon cuniculi-positive samples. Microsporidiosis is generally underestimated and patients are not usually tested for microsporidia, but latent infection in immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients can cause serious complications if not detected and treated.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi * izolace a purifikace genetika MeSH
- encephalitozoonóza * mozkomíšní mok mikrobiologie epidemiologie MeSH
- imunokompetence MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
A total of 9 (8 stallions and 1 mare) 1 year old ponies were used for the experimental infection caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II (10(7) spores per animal). Subsequently, individual horses were slaughtered 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 days post infection. Immediately after slaughter, tissues samples of stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon, spleen, liver, kidney, bladder, heart, lungs, and brain were sampled. In addition, urine, feces and blood specimens were collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for determination of humoral immune response and nested PCR targeting 16S rDNA, whole ITS, and 5.8S rDNA was used for detection of E. cuniculi in collected organs, blood, feces and urine. No clinical signs of microsporidiosis including diarrhea or colic, neurological signs and fever were observed in any horses during whole experiment. Acute microsporidiosis in ponies was characterized by the dissemination of microsporidia into almost all organs and significant increase of concentration of specific antibodies in blood was observed from 28 to 42 DPI. After this acute stage microsporidia disappeared from most organs with the exception of the kidney, which was positive up to 63 DPI when the experiment was terminated. No pathological changes were observed in any organs with exception of one mare's brain, where E. cuniculi-positive cavity measuring 5 cm × 3 cm in diameter formed in the lobus piriformis.
- MeSH
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi imunologie MeSH
- encephalitozoonóza imunologie veterinární MeSH
- humorální imunita fyziologie MeSH
- koně MeSH
- nemoci koní imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an obligate intracellular parasite infecting especially domestic rabbits; however, spontaneous infections have been documented in other mammalian species such as dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, cows and sheep all over the world. Encephalitozoonosis is a chronic and latent disease leading to renal failure, encephalitis, disorders of brain and urinary tract, and may lead to death. There are limited reports on encephalitozoonosis in wildlife, which is why the aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of antibodies to E. cuniculi in European hares. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of blood sera from 701 wild hares from the Czech Republic (n = 245), the Slovak Republic (n = 211) and Austria (n = 245) were examined by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT); samples with titer ≥ 40 were marked as positive. RESULTS: The total seroprevalence of E. cuniculi antibodies was 1.42% with titres in the range 40-640. Antibodies to E. cuniculi were detected in 2.9% (7/245), 0.8% (2/245) and 0.47% (1/211) hares from the Czech Republic, Austria and the Slovak Republic, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first detection of antibodies to E. cuniculi in hares from Europe showing that hares could be exposed to E. cuniculi infection, however with a low rate.
- MeSH
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi izolace a purifikace MeSH
- encephalitozoonóza epidemiologie mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- fluorescenční protilátková technika nepřímá veterinární MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- protilátky fungální analýza MeSH
- séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
- zajíci * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Rakousko MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Microsporidia are emerging pathogens which cause an opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS. Intestinal microsporidiosis is the most recognized infection, whereas urinary tract infections caused by microsporidia are rarely paid attention to either due to their subclinical course or diagnostic difficulties. In this report dual microsporidial infection of urinary tract, caused by Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon cuniculi was described in HIV/AIDS patients under cART therapy. Since microsporidiosis can cause severe complications or even death in immunosuppressed patients, our results suggest that microsporidial infection should be included in routine investigation of HIV-positive patients, even asymptomatic.
- MeSH
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi * fyziologie MeSH
- encephalitozoonóza * komplikace MeSH
- Enterocytozoon * fyziologie MeSH
- HIV infekce komplikace mikrobiologie MeSH
- koinfekce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrosporidióza * komplikace MeSH
- močové ústrojí * mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
An infection with Septata intestinalis was diagnosed in a 35-year-old AIDS patient without diarrhoea. The diagnosis was based on morphological examinations of a duodenal biopsy specimen. Serum antibodies were detected reacting with spores of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Spores of S. intestinalis and E. cuniculi stained with Brown Hopps Gram stain showed a red colour (Gram negative) and not a blue/black colour which was described for microsporidian spores in tissue.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- duodenum parazitologie MeSH
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi * MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Microsporida imunologie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- mikrosporidióza diagnóza parazitologie MeSH
- oportunní infekce doprovázející AIDS diagnóza parazitologie MeSH
- parazitární nemoci střev diagnóza parazitologie MeSH
- protilátky protozoální krev MeSH
- spory MeSH
- zkřížené reakce MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
