Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is crucial for plant defence against pathogen attack. The best characterized PAMP is flg22, a 22 amino acid conserved peptide from flagellin protein. In Arabidopsis thaliana, flg22 is recognized by the flagellin sensing 2 (FLS2) receptor. In this study, we focused on biotic stress responses triggered by flg22 after exposure to temporary heat stress (HS). It is important to study the reactions of plants to multiple stress conditions because plants are often exposed simultaneously to a combination of both abiotic and biotic stresses. Transient early production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a well-characterized response to PAMP recognition. We demonstrate the strong reduction of flg22-induced ROS production in A. thaliana after HS treatment. In addition, a decrease in FLS2 transcription and a decrease of the FLS2 presence at the plasma membrane are shown after HS. In summary, our data show the strong inhibitory effect of HS on flg22-triggered events in A. thaliana. Subsequently, temporary HS strongly decreases the resistance of A. thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae. We propose that short exposure to high temperature is a crucial abiotic stress factor that suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity, which subsequently leads to the higher susceptibility of plants to pathogens.

• MeSH
• alarminy metabolismus   MeSH
• Arabidopsis účinky léků   genetika   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• flagelin farmakologie   MeSH
• genetická transkripce účinky léků   MeSH
• imunita rostlin * účinky léků   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• odolnost vůči nemocem imunologie   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Pseudomonas syringae účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• reakce na tepelný šok * účinky léků   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• respirační vzplanutí účinky léků   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) has a crucial role in plant physiology. Its role is best described in the context of plant response to pathogen attack. During infection, SA is rapidly accumulated throughout the green tissues and is important for both local and systemic defences. However, some genetic/metabolic variations can also result in SA overaccumulation in plants, even in basal conditions. To date, more than forty Arabidopsis thaliana mutants have been described as having enhanced endogenous SA levels or constitutively activated SA signalling pathways. In this study, we established a collection of mutants containing different SA levels due to diverse genetic modifications and distinct gene functions. We chose prototypic SA-overaccumulators (SA-OAs), such as bon1-1, but also "non-typical" ones such as exo70b1-1; the selection of OA is accompanied by their crosses with SA-deficient lines. Here, we extensively studied the plant development and SA level/signalling under various growth conditions in soil and in vitro, and showed a strong negative correlation between rosette size, SA content and PR1/ICS1 transcript signature. SA-OAs (namely cpr5, acd6, bon1-1, fah1/fah2 and pi4kβ1β2) had bigger rosettes under high light conditions, whereas WT plants did not. Our data provide new insights clarifying a link between SA and plant behaviour under environmental stresses. The presented SA mutant collection is thus a suitable tool to shed light on the mechanisms underlying trade-offs between growth and defence in plants.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
• kyselina salicylová metabolismus   MeSH
• mutace * MeSH
• nemoci rostlin genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce genetika   MeSH
• vývoj rostlin genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

Phosphatidylcholine-hydrolysing phospholipase C, also known as non-specific phospholipase C (NPC), is a new member of the plant phospholipase family that reacts to environmental stresses such as phosphate deficiency and aluminium toxicity, and has a role in root development and brassinolide signalling. Expression of NPC4, one of the six NPC genes in Arabidopsis, was highly induced by NaCl. Maximum expression was observed from 3 h to 6 h after the salt treatment and was dependent on salt concentration. Results of histochemical analysis of P(NPC4):GUS plants showed the localization of salt-induced expression in root tips. On the biochemical level, increased NPC enzyme activity, indicated by accumulation of diacylglycerol, was observed as early as after 30 min of salt treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings. Phenotype analysis of NPC4 knockout plants showed increased sensitivity to salinity as compared with wild-type plants. Under salt stress npc4 plants had shorter roots, lower fresh weight, and reduced seed germination. Expression levels of abscisic acid-related genes ABI1, ABI2, RAB18, PP2CA, and SOT12 were substantially reduced in salt-treated npc4 plants. These observations demonstrate a role for NPC4 in the response of Arabidopsis to salt stress.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• chlorid sodný metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• fosfolipasy typu C genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
• kořeny rostlin účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina abscisová genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The plant selective autophagy cargo receptor neighbour of breast cancer 1 gene (NBR1) has been scarcely studied in the context of abiotic stress. We wanted to expand this knowledge by using Arabidopsis thaliana lines with constitutive ectopic overexpression of the AtNBR1 gene (OX lines) and the AtNBR1 Knock-Out (KO lines). Transcriptomic analysis of the shoots and roots of one representative OX line indicated differences in gene expression relative to the parental (WT) line. In shoots, many differentially expressed genes, either up- or down-regulated, were involved in responses to stimuli and stress. In roots the most significant difference was observed in a set of downregulated genes that is mainly related to translation and formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes. The link between AtNBR1 overexpression and abscisic acid (ABA) signalling was suggested by an interaction network analysis of these differentially expressed genes. Most hubs of this network were associated with ABA signalling. Although transcriptomic analysis suggested enhancement of ABA responses, ABA levels were unchanged in the OX shoots. Moreover, some of the phenotypes of the OX (delayed germination, increased number of closed stomata) and the KO lines (increased number of lateral root initiation sites) indicate that AtNBR1 is essential for fine-tuning of the ABA signalling pathway. The interaction of AtNBR1 with three regulatory proteins of ABA pathway (ABI3, ABI4 and ABI5) was observed in planta. It suggests that AtNBR1 might play role in maintaining the balance of ABA signalling by controlling their level and/or activity.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• autofagie * MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
• klíčení MeSH
• kyselina abscisová metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• semena rostlinná genetika   MeSH
• semenáček MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• transportní proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Background and Aims: The non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) is a new member of the plant phospholipase family that reacts to abiotic environmental stresses, such as phosphate deficiency, high salinity, heat and aluminium toxicity, and is involved in root development, silicon distribution and brassinolide signalling. Six NPC genes (NPC1-NPC6) are found in the Arabidopsis genome. The NPC2 isoform has not been experimentally characterized so far. Methods: The Arabidopsis NPC2 isoform was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. NPC2 enzyme activity was determined using fluorescent phosphatidylcholine as a substrate. Tissue expression and subcellular localization were analysed using GUS- and GFP-tagged NPC2. The expression patterns of NPC2 were analysed via quantitative real-time PCR. Independent homozygous transgenic plant lines overexpressing NPC2 under the control of a 35S promoter were generated, and reactive oxygen species were measured using a luminol-based assay. Key Results: The heterologously expressed protein possessed phospholipase C activity, being able to hydrolyse phosphatidylcholine to diacylglycerol. NPC2 tagged with GFP was predominantly localized to the Golgi apparatus in Arabidopsis roots. The level of NPC2 transcript is rapidly altered during plant immune responses and correlates with the activation of multiple layers of the plant defence system. Transcription of NPC2 decreased substantially after plant infiltration with Pseudomonas syringae, flagellin peptide flg22 and salicylic acid treatments and expression of the effector molecule AvrRpm1. The decrease in NPC2 transcript levels correlated with a decrease in NPC2 enzyme activity. NPC2-overexpressing mutants showed higher reactive oxygen species production triggered by flg22. Conclusions: This first experimental characterization of NPC2 provides new insights into the role of the non-specific phospholipase C protein family. The results suggest that NPC2 is involved in the response of Arabidopsis to P. syringae attack.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis enzymologie   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fosfatidylcholiny metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfolipasy typu C fyziologie   MeSH
• Golgiho aparát enzymologie   MeSH
• imunita rostlin fyziologie   MeSH
• klonování DNA MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• nemoci rostlin imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku fyziologie   MeSH
• protoplasty enzymologie   MeSH
• Pseudomonas syringae * MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

V práci sú analyzované niektoré epidemiologické ukazovatele karcinómu maternicového krčka v podmienkach Slovenska za roky 1990 - 2000. Incidencia ochorenia sa v sledovanom období významne nezmenila (18,5/100 000 žien v roku 1990, 17,9/100 000 žien v roku 2000). Stúpol počet vyšších štádií ochorenia (III. a IV.). Pomer diagnostikovaných invazívnych foriem ochorenia k počtu carcinoma in situ bol v sledovanom období stabilizovaný, približne 2:1. Najvyššia incidencia ochorenia je medzi 35. - 50. rokom života. Mortalita v sledovanom období vzrástla z 6,91/100 000 žien v roku 1990 na 7,93/100 000 žien v roku 2000. Najnižšia mortalita (6,36) bola v roku 1991. Zo všetkých žien zomierajúcich ročne na malígne ochorenia tvorí úmrtnosť na karcinóm maternicového krčka približne 4,5 %. Pri porovnaní incidencie aj mortality ochorenia z hľadiska jednotlivých krajov možno pozorovať významné rozdiely.

Some epidemiological factors of the uterine cervix carcinoma in Slovakia during years 1990-2000 are analysed in the work. Incidence of the disease did not seriously change during this period (18.5/100 000 women in the year 1990, 17.9/100 000 women in the year 2000). The number of higher stages (III. and IV.) of the disease increased. The ratio of diagnosed invasive forms and number of carcinoma in situ was during the monitored period stable, approximately 2:1. The highest incidence of the disease was between 35-50th year of life. Mortality increased during the monitored period from 6.91/100 000 women in the year 1990 to 7.93/100 000 women in the year 2000. The highest mortality rate (6.36) was in the year 1991. From all women deceasing for malignant diseases per year, the mortality from uterine cervix carcinoma makes approximately 4.5 %. We observed significant differences when incidence and mortality in single district was compared.

V období 11/2016 až 11/2017 byly na našem pracovišti zachyceny tři případy oboustranné ischemie paramediálního thalamu odpovídající okluzi Percheronovy arterie. V prvním případě se jednalo o 48letou ženu vyšetřovanou pro lehkou alteraci vědomí a dezorientaci. V druhém případě o 51letého muže v bezvědomí s intermitentními tonicko-klonickými křečemi. V posledním, třetím případě se jednalo o 56letého muže primárně vyšetřovaného pro subarachnoidální krvácení (SAK) ze známého aneurysmatu ve vrcholu a. basilaris. Byl léčen endovaskulárně zavedením stentu přes krček aneurysmatu do levé a. cerebri posterior (ACP) a embolizací spirálami, po intervenci se rozvinula mydriáza levého oka a porucha vědomí kolísajícího stupně. Na kontrolním nativním CT byl zobrazen obraz bilaterální mediální thalamické ischemie.

Three cases of bilateral paramedian thalamus ischemia consistent with the occlusion of the artery of Percheron were indentified in our department between 11/2016 and 11/2017. In the first case, it was a 48-year-old woman investigated for mild alteration of conciousness and desorientation in place and time. In the second case, it was a 51-year-old man presenting with uncousciousness and intermittent tonic-clonic seizures. In the third case, it was a 56-year-old man primary examined for subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) with known aneurysm at the tip of the basilar artery. Patient was treated by stenting of the left posterior cerebral artery and sac embolisation. In the last patient, mydriasis of left eye, alternating disturbance of consciousness and CT finding of bilateral medial thalamic ischemia developed on the following day after the endovascular intervention.

• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• exotropie etiologie   MeSH
• foramen ovale apertum diagnostické zobrazování   komplikace   MeSH
• infarkt arteria cerebri posterior * diagnostické zobrazování   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonance kinematografická metody   MeSH
• nemoci thalamu diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie metody   MeSH
• poruchy paměti etiologie   MeSH
• poruchy vědomí etiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Osteoporóza je onemocnění označované jako „tichý zloděj kostí" a definované jako systémové metabolické onemocnění kostry charakterizované poruchou mechanické odolnosti kosti a v důsledku toho zvýšeným rizikem zlomenin (nejčastěji zlomeniny těl obratlů, krčku kosti stehenní a tzv. Collesova zlomenina v oblasti zápěstí). Stoupající výskyt osteoporózy je částečně vysvětlován zvyšováním průměrného věku populace, který je současně podporován následky moderního způsobu života. Prevence bývá zaměřována nejčastěji na ženy po menopauze. Jde však o prevenci sekundární. Primární prevence začíná v dětství a dospívání, neboť v tomto období se vytváří kostní tkáň a návyky životního stylu, které kvalitu kostí v průběhu života ovlivňují. Již v roce 1977 Drugay definoval osteoporózu jako dětskou nemoc s geriatrickými následky.

Osteoporosis is a disease known as the „silent thief of bones" and defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by metabolic disorder me-chanical resistance of the bone and consequent-ly increased risk of fracture (mostly fractures of the vertebral bodies, femoral neck and the Col-les wrist fractures). The increasing incidence of osteoporosis is partly explained by the increase in the average age of the population, which is currently supported by the effects of modern life. Prevention is being directed to most women af-ter menopause. But it is a secondary prevention. Primary prevention begins in childhood and ado-lescence, because in this period the bones and lifestyle are forming. They influence that quality of bones throughout life. In 1977 Drugay defined osteoporosis as a child's illness with geriatric consequences.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fyziologie výživy MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň metabolismus   MeSH
• kouření MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osteoporóza * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• proteiny MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• směrnice jako téma MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• tělesná námaha MeSH
• vápník terapeutické užití   MeSH
• vitamin D MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

Dysfunkčné krvácanie je definované ako nepravidelné krvácanie vznikajúce na podklade anovulačných cyklov, pričom nie je prítomná organická patológia ani závažné interné ochorenie. K uvedenej diagnóze teda dospejeme až po vylúčení abnormálneho krvácania v dôsledku porušenej gravidity (mimomaternicová tehotnosť, spontánny potrat), v dôsledku karcinómu krčka maternice alebo endometria, endometriálneho polypu alebo myómov. Anovulačné cykly bývajú príčinou dysfunkčného krvácania pri hypotyreóze, hyperprolaktinémii, centrálnej hypotalamo - hypofyzárnej poruche alebo v dôsledku nadbytku endogénnych androgénov. Dôkladná diferenciálna diagnostika príčin dysfunkčného krvácania je nevyhnutná na zvolenie kauzálnej terapie.Terapeutické schémy používajúce syntetické ženské steroidy by sa mali uprednostniť pred chirurgickou intervenciou. Farmakologickou intervenciou ovplyvňujeme abnormálne tkanivové faktory vedúce k dysfunkčnému krvácaniu, a tým dosahujeme reguláciu menštruačného cyklu.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is defined as a variety of bleeding manifestations of anovulatory cycles (in the absence of organic pathology or medical illness). Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a diagnosis made by exclusion. It is necessary to exclude abnormal uterine bleeding due to pregnancy-related problems (ectopic pregnancy or spontaneus miscarriage), cancer of the cervix and endometrium, endometrial polyps, leiomyomata uteri and infections. Anovulatory menstrual cycles are usually clinical signs of hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinaemia, pituitary-CNS failure or anovulatory cycles due to excessive production of endogenous androgens. Proper differential diagnosis is essential prior to therapy. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding can be cofidently managed without surgical intervention by therapeutic regimens based on sound physiologic principles. By using the pharmacologic application of sex steroids we can reverse the abnormal tissue factors that lead to excessive, irregular and prolonged vaginal bleeding typical of anovulatory cycles.