• MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• Publikační typ
• abstrakty MeSH
• kongresy MeSH
• programy MeSH
• sborníky MeSH
• zprávy MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• infekční lékařství

• MeSH
• analýza jednotlivých buněk MeSH
• Bacteria * MeSH
• interakce mikroorganismu a hostitele * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH

Helminths and bacteria are major players in the mammalian gut ecosystem and each influences the host immune system and health. Declines in helminth prevalence and bacterial diversity appear to play a role in the dramatic rise of immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) in western populations. Helminths are potent modulators of immune system and their reintroduction is a promising therapeutic avenue for IMIDs. However, the introduction of helminths represents a disturbance for the host and it is important to understand the impact of helminth reintroduction on the host, including the immune system and gut microbiome. We tested the impact of a benign tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, in a rat model system. We find that H. diminuta infection results in increased interleukin 10 gene expression in the beginning of the prepatent period, consistent with induction of a type 2 immune response. We also find induction of humoral immunity during the patent period, shown here by increased IgA in feces. Further, we see an immuno-modulatory effect in the small intestine and spleen in patent period, as measured by reductions in tissue immune cells. We observed shifts in microbiota community composition during the patent period (beta-diversity) in response to H. diminuta infection. However, these compositional changes appear to be minor; they occur within families and genera common to both treatment groups. There was no change in alpha diversity. Hymenolepis diminuta is a promising model for helminth therapy because it establishes long-term, stable colonization in rats and modulates the immune system without causing bacterial dysbiosis. These results suggest that the goal of engineering a therapeutic helminth that can safely manipulate the mammalian immune system without disrupting the rest of the gut ecosystem is in reach.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• feces chemie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Hymenolepis diminuta imunologie   MeSH
• imunitní systém * MeSH
• imunoglobulin A analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita imunologie   MeSH
• interleukin-10 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• regulace genové exprese imunologie   MeSH
• slezina imunologie   MeSH
• střeva mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• Bacteria růst a vývoj   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• bakteriální nálož MeSH
• bydlení zvířat MeSH
• chov zvířat MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• gnotobiologické modely * MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• úvodní články MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

The functional relevance of microbiota is a key aspect for understanding host-microbiota interactions. Mammalian skin harbours a complex consortium of beneficial microorganisms known to provide health and immune-boosting advantages. As yet, however, little is known about functional microbial communities on avian feathers, including their co-evolution with the host and factors determining feather microbiota (FM) diversity. Using 16S rRNA profiling, we investigated how host species identity, phylogeny and geographic origin determine FM in free-living passerine birds. Moreover, we estimated the relative abundance of bacteriocin-producing bacteria (BPB) and keratinolytic feather damaging bacteria (FDB) and evaluated the ability of BPB to affect FM diversity and relative abundance of FDB. Host species identity was associated with feather bacterial communities more strongly than host geographic origin. FM functional properties differed in terms of estimated BPB and FDB relative abundance, with both showing interspecific variation. FM diversity was negatively associated with BPB relative abundance across species, whereas BPB and FDB relative abundance was positively correlated. This study provides the first thorough evaluation of antimicrobial peptides-producing bacterial communities inhabiting the feather integument, including their likely potential to mediate niche-competition and to be associated with functional species-specific feather microbiota in avian hosts.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• bakteriociny biosyntéza   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hostitelská specificita MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• peří mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ptáci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Článek se zabývá významem rutinní mikrobiologické analýzy zubního biofilmu pro léčbu parodontitidy. Autoři nabízejí různé pohledy na toto komplexní téma, ve kterém se protínají prvky mikrobiologické, patofyziologické a etiologické, s množnostmi využití analytických metod a rutinní parodontologické diagnostiky. Tradiční pohled na parodontální mikrobiom jako souhrn „bakteriálních komplexů“ vychází ze studií založených na kultivaci relativně malého množství bakterií. V současné době existují pokročilé metody mikrobiální analýzy využívající sekvenování nukleových kyselin, které významně rozšiřují a mění pohled na orální mikrobiom u parodontitidy. Spolu s aktuálním pojetím etiopatogeneze parodontitidy se proto mění náš pohled na klinický význam mikrobiologického testování a z části se odvrací od Socranského komplexů. Díky sekvenačním metodám dnes známe několik set bakterií souvisejících s parodontitidou. V klinické praxi se však využívá stále spíše levnějších metod vycházejících z kultivace malého počtu druhů, u nichž se předpokládá souvislost s onemocněním. Využití složitějších a nákladnějších metod je v běžné diagnostice zatím málo dostupné. Mezi parodontology nepanuje jednoznačný konsenzus ohledně využitelnosti poznatků mikrobiologického testování pro zlepšení klinického rozhodování, a tedy úspěšnosti lékařské péče. Cílem tohoto přehledového sdělení je přiblížit široké odborné veřejnosti z různých úhlů problematiku mikrobiálního testování v klinické parodontologické praxi.

The review deals with importance of routine microbiological analysis of dental biofilm for clinical periodontology. Authors offer different points of view of this complex topic. Advanced PCR-based methods bring new insights and change our knowledge of periodontal aetiology and pathogenesis. Recent methods are able to detect hundreds of microbes with just one test, many of them otherwise uncultivable. In clinical practice, however, cheap and simple methods are used instead to analyse only few of the relevant bacterial taxa. Research in this field helps to identify disease-related, as well as health-related bacteria. That helps with our understanding of periodontitis and defining new therapeutic options. On the other hand, advanced methods are usually expensive and often unavailable, and their use in daily practice is still controversial. There is no consensus to date on interpretation of data obtained from microbiological assays, their prognostic or therapeutic value. The aim of this article is to elaborate on current knowledge and relevance of microbiological analysis for clinical periodontology.

• MeSH
• biofilmy MeSH
• interakce mikroorganismu a hostitele fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota MeSH
• parodontitida * farmakoterapie   komplikace   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni)-host-interaction may be affected by the maturation stage of the chicken's immune system and the developing gut microbiota composition. We compared these parameters between birds C. jejuni-inoculated at day one, 10, 22 and 31 post hatch. The highest C. jejuni-colonization rate and numbers of colony forming units (CFU) were detected in caecal content of day-one-inoculated birds while the lowest was detected in 22-days-old birds. The low bacterial colonization of 22-days-old chickens correlated with the most prominent immune reactions in this age group in comparison to other age groups. Age and C. jejuni-inoculation had a significant effect on lymphocyte numbers and cytokine expression levels in caecum as well as on gut flora composition. Overall, the immune response to C. jejuni is significantly influenced by the age of the infected chickens leading to differences in C. jejuni-colonization pattern between age goups.

• MeSH
• Campylobacter jejuni imunologie   MeSH
• cékum imunologie   MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
• kampylobakterové infekce imunologie   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• kur domácí imunologie   MeSH
• lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• nemoci ptáků imunologie   MeSH
• stárnutí imunologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The Campylobacter jejuni-host interaction may be affected by the host's gut microbiota through competitive exclusion, metabolites, or modification of the immune response. To understand this interaction, C. jejuni colonization and local immune responses were compared in chickens with different gut microbiota compositions. Birds were treated with an antibiotic cocktail (AT) (experiments 1 and 2) or raised under germfree (GF) conditions (experiment 3). At 18 days posthatch (dph), they were orally inoculated either with 104 CFU of C. jejuni or with diluent. Cecal as well as systemic C. jejuni colonization, T- and B-cell numbers in the gut, and gut-associated tissue were compared between the different groups. Significantly higher numbers of CFU of C. jejuni were detected in the cecal contents of AT and GF birds, with higher colonization rates in spleen, liver, and ileum, than in birds with a conventional gut microbiota (P < 0.05). Significant upregulation of T and B lymphocyte numbers was detected in cecum, cecal tonsils, and bursa of Fabricius of AT or GF birds after C. jejuni inoculation compared to the respective controls (P < 0.05). This difference was less clear in birds with a conventional gut microbiota. Histopathological gut lesions were observed only in C. jejuni-inoculated AT and GF birds but not in microbiota-colonized C. jejuni-inoculated hatchmates. These results demonstrate that the gut microbiota may contribute to the control of C. jejuni colonization and prevent lesion development. Further studies are needed to identify key players of the gut microbiota and the mechanisms behind their protective role.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• B-lymfocyty imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• bursa Fabricii účinky léků   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Campylobacter jejuni účinky léků   imunologie   patogenita   MeSH
• cékum účinky léků   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• gnotobiologické modely imunologie   MeSH
• ileum účinky léků   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu imunologie   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kampylobakterové infekce imunologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• kur domácí MeSH
• mikrobiální interakce imunologie   MeSH
• nemoci drůbeže imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
• slezina účinky léků   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra imunologie   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review focuses on the recent discoveries about the impact of intestinal microbiota on mammalian host juvenile growth. RECENT FINDINGS: Intestinal microbiota is a powerful modulator of many facets of multicellular host's physiology. Recent results from human field studies and animal research have clearly shown that not only the nutrition, but also the intestinal microbiota impacts host postnatal growth kinetics. Absence of microbiome leads to stunted growth in mammalian gnotobiotic models and changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota can impact the postnatal growth kinetics both positively and negatively under normal nutritional conditions as well as in undernutrition. Strikingly, specific bacterial strains are able to interact with GH/IGF-1 somatotropic axis activity, thus directly impacting host juvenile development. SUMMARY: Intestinal microbiota dictates the pace of host postnatal growth. This newly described role envisages that therapy with specific bacterial strains, together with re-nutritional strategies, might successfully alleviate the long-term sequelae of undernutrition during childhood in humans.

• MeSH
• Bacteria MeSH
• insulinu podobný růstový faktor I metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• podvýživa komplikace   mikrobiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• poruchy růstu etiologie   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• probiotika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• růst MeSH
• růstový hormon metabolismus   MeSH
• savci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• střeva mikrobiologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Acanthamoeba is known to interact with a plethora of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. In these interactions, the amoebae can be predatory in nature, transmission vehicle or an incubator. Amoebae consume microorganisms, especially bacteria, as food source to fulfil their nutritional needs by taking up bacteria through phagocytosis and lysing them in phagolysosomes and hence play an eminent role in the regulation of bacterial density in the nature and accountable for eradication of around 60% of the bacterial population in the environment. Acanthamoeba can also act as a "Trojan horse" for microbial transmission in the environment. Additionally, Acanthamoeba may serve as an incubator-like reservoir for microorganisms, including those that are pathogenic to humans, where the microorganisms use amoebae's defences to resist harsh environment and evade host defences and drugs, whilst growing in numbers inside the amoebae. Furthermore, amoebae can also be used as a "genetic melting pot" where exchange of genes as well as adaptation of microorganisms, leading to higher pathogenicity, may arise. Here, we describe bacteria, fungi and viruses that are known to interact with Acanthamoeba spp.

• MeSH
• Acanthamoeba * metabolismus   mikrobiologie   virologie   MeSH
• fyziologie bakterií * MeSH
• fyziologie virů * MeSH
• houby fyziologie   MeSH
• interakce mikroorganismu a hostitele * fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH