Molecularly imprinted polymer
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are currently widely used and further developed for biological applications. The MIP synthesis procedure is a key process, and a wide variety of protocols exist. The templates that are used for imprinting vary from the smallest glycosylated glycan structures or even amino acids to whole proteins or bacteria. The low cost, quick preparation, stability and reproducibility have been highlighted as advantages of MIPs. The biological applications utilizing MIPs discussed here include enzyme-linked assays, sensors, in vivo applications, drug delivery, cancer diagnostics and more. Indeed, there are numerous examples of how MIPs can be used as recognition elements similar to natural antibodies.
V súčasnosti je známych približne 28 miliónov rôznych jednoduchých alebo komplikovaných zlúčenín. Dnes si ťažko môžeme predstaviť život bez rôznorodých druhov liečiv, kozmetických prípravkov, pesticídov, prísad do potravín, alebo povzbudzujúcich prostriedkov. V poslednom čase v oblasti analytickej chémii, alebo farmácie stále viac sa vyžaduje použiť moderné techniky alebo nové metodológie, ktoré umožňujú selektívne stanovenie rôznych analytov, zvlášť v zložitých biologických vzorkách. Stále častejšie na prípravu vzoriek k analýze sa využívajú polyméry s molekulovými odtlačkami, pomocou ktorých možno značne zabrániť interferenciám pri stanovení stopových koncentrácií analytov. Tato práca sa zaoberá charakterizáciou, prípravou, vlastnosťami a aplikáciou polymérov s molekulovými odtlačkami v oblasti analýzy vzoriek liečiv, kozmetických prípravkov, potravín a biologických materiálov.
Nowadays about 28 million different simple or complex chemical entities are known. Today we cannot imagine the life without different kinds of drugs, cosmetics, pesticides, food additives or stimulants. In the recent period in the field of analytical chemistry or pharmacy more modern techniques or methodologies are required which will allow selective determination of different kinds of analytes, especially in complex biological matrices. The imprinted polymers are very often used for the preparation of samples before analysis and this procedure can reduce the possibilities of interferences. This paper deals with the characterization, preparation, properties and application of imprinted polymers in the field of drugs, cosmetics, food and biological materials.
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized and evaluated to selectively extract ephedrine from human plasma. The MIP synthesis was performed in chloroform with methacrylic acid as a functional monomer and the target alkaloid as a template molecule. The resulting MIP was applied to the selective extraction of ephedrine from a pure aqueous medium. A recovery about 74% was obtained using the MIP with only 7% on the nonimprinted polymer (NIP). A very straightforward selective SPE procedure was then successfully applied to the direct extraction of ephedrine from spiked human plasma with a high extraction recovery (68%) on the MIP with no recovery on the NIP. Moreover, the MIP was used for the selective extraction of catecholamine neurotransmitters, i.e. adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Medical diagnostics aims at specific localization of molecular targets as well as detection of abnormalities associated with numerous diseases. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) represent an approach of creating a synthetic material exhibiting selective recognition properties toward the desired template. The fabricated target-specific MIPs are usually well reproducible, economically efficient, and stable under critical conditions as compared to routinely used biorecognition elements such as fluorescent proteins, antibodies, enzymes, or aptamers and can even be created to those targets for which no antibodies are available. In this review, we summarize the methods of polymer fabrication. Further, we provide key for selection of the core material with imaging function depending on the imaging modality used. Finally, MIP-based imaging applications are highlighted and presented in a comprehensive form from different aspects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we summarize the methods of polymer fabrication. Key applications of Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in imaging are highlighted and discussed with regard to the selection of the core material for imaging as well as commonly used imaging targets. MIPs represent an approach of creating a synthetic material exhibiting selective recognition properties toward the desired template. The fabricated target-specific MIPs are usually well reproducible, economically efficient, and stable under critical conditions as compared to routinely used biorecognition elements, e.g., antibodies, fluorescent proteins, enzymes, or aptamers, and can even be created to those targets for which no antibodies are available.
Dairy cow feed contains, among other ingredients, soybeans, legumes, and clover, plants that are rich in phytoestrogens. Several publications have reported a positive influence of phytoestrogens on human health; however, several unfavorable effects have also been reported. In this work, a simple, selective, and eco-friendly method of phytoestrogen isolation based on the technique of noncovalent molecular imprinting was developed. Genistein was used as a template, and dopamine was chosen as a functional monomer. A layer of molecularly imprinted polymers was created in a microtitration well plate. The binding capability and selective properties of obtained molecularly imprinted polymers were investigated. The imprinted polymers exhibited higher binding affinity toward chosen phytoestrogen than did the nonimprinted polymers. A selectivity factor of 6.94 was calculated, confirming satisfactory selectivity of the polymeric layer. The applicability of the proposed sensing method was tested by isolation of genistein from a real sample of bovine milk and combined with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with UV-visible detection.
We report a facile method for detection of metallothionein (MT), a promising clinically relevant biomarker, in spiked plasma samples. This method, for the first time, integrates molecularly imprinted polymers as purification/pretreatment step with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection and with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for analysis of MTs. The prepared MT-imprinted polydopamine layer showed high binding capacity and specific recognition properties toward the template. Optimal monomer (dopamine) concentration was found to be 16 mM of dopamine. This experimental setup allows to measure µM concentrations of MT that are present in blood as this can be used for clinical studies recognizing MT as marker of various diseases including tumour one. Presented approach not only provides fast sample throughput but also avoids the limitations of methods based on use of antibodies (e.g. high price, cross-reactivity, limited availability in some cases, etc.).
- MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- indoly chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metalothionein krev MeSH
- molekulový imprinting * MeSH
- polymery chemie MeSH
- zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Advanced solid phase extraction (SPE) fibrous sorbents including polyethylene, polypropylene poly (hydroxybutyrate), and polyamide 6 nanofibers, polycaprolactone microfibers/nanofibers, polycaprolactone microfibers/polyvinylidene difluoride nanofibers, and poly (hydroxybutyrate) microfibers/polypropylene microfibers composites, as well as commercial molecularly imprinted polymers and restricted access media sorbent were compared in terms of bisphenols extraction from milk and their clean-up efficiency. Three on-line SPE-HPLC methods were completely validated for the extraction and detection of bisphenols A, AF, C, A diglycidyl ether, and F diglycidyl ether in bovine milk. Polycaprolactone composite nanofibers compared favorably to restricted access media, enabled excellent clean-up of bisphenols from the proteinaceous matrix, and yielded recoveries 98.0-124.5% and 93.0-115.0%, respectively, with RSD less than 10%. Total analysis time including on-line SPE step lasted only 12 min, which represents a significant reduction in time compared with previously reported as well as official European Union and AOAC methods defined for the determination of bisphenols in various matrices.
- MeSH
- adsorpce MeSH
- ethery MeSH
- extrakce na pevné fázi metody MeSH
- hydroxybutyráty MeSH
- mléko MeSH
- molekulárně imprintované polymery MeSH
- molekulový imprinting * metody MeSH
- nanovlákna * chemie MeSH
- polypropyleny MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug with a narrow therapeutic index, which requires an efficient method for blood level monitoring. Finger-prick dried blood spot (DBS) collection is an alternative microsampling technique, which is less invasive than conventional venipuncture. Paper-based molecularly imprinted-interpenetrating polymer networks (MI-IPN) were developed as blood collection devices, which allowed for selective on-spot microextraction of carbamazepine from DBS. A hybrid of homogeneous polystyrene and silica gel polymer was synthesized and coated on a Whatman® Grade 1 filter paper. Proteins and other interferences in the blood samples were eliminated by using the MI-IPN collection devices, and the resulting DBS extracts were suitable for direct injection into the capillary electrophoretic instrument. The lower limit of quantitation of 4 μg/mL in capillary blood was achieved by the sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography method using a KCl-containing matrix, which was sufficient for the therapeutic drug monitoring purposes. Method accuracies were in the range of 88.4 ± 4.5% to 94.5 ± 2.7% with RSD values ≤ 5.1%. The developed paper-based MI-IPN provided superior extraction efficiencies (92.2 ± 2.5%) in comparison with commercially available DBS collection cards, i.e., Whatman® 903 protein saver card (59.8 ± 2.8%) and GenCollect™ 2.0 card (47.2 ± 1.4%). The paper-based MI-IPN devices for DBS collection and on-spot extraction were characterized by simple fabrication, low costs, disposability, and reduction in sample preparation steps, and their further developments might open new perspectives in clinical applications, such as in therapeutic drug monitoring. Graphical abstract.
- MeSH
- antikonvulziva krev izolace a purifikace MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární metody MeSH
- karbamazepin krev izolace a purifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroextrakce na pevné fázi metody MeSH
- molekulárně imprintované polymery chemie MeSH
- monitorování léčiv MeSH
- odběr vzorku krve metody MeSH
- papír MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- test suché kapky krve metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Rapid and sensitive methods based on LC-MS/MS using positive electrospray ionisation have been developed for the determination of nine 5-nitroimidazoles and their three hydroxylated metabolites in blood serum, egg and muscle samples. The methods use a new type of column based on molecularly imprinted polymer for the cleanup of primary extracts of samples. A validation study was carried out according to criteria (accuracy, linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, ruggedness and specificity) and the requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The methods with molecularly imprinted polymers are simple, fast and selective for the extraction of 5-nitroimidazoles from different matrices. They provide high recovery, good reproducibility, clean extracts and low background signals. The decision limits and detection capabilities were lower than the recommended minimum required performance limits in every matrix. These procedures could also be used as screening and confirmatory methods for the monitoring of veterinary drug residues.
Tento súborný referát prezentuje prehľad využitia polymérov s molekulovými odtlačkami v rôznych analytických metódach, ako sú extrakcia na tuhej fáze, kvapalinová chromatografia, kapilárna elektroforéza, kapilárna elektrochromatografia, a ako selektívny sorbent v senzoroch. Odtláčanie molekúl sa dosahuje pomocou interakcií medzi komplementárnymi skupinami molekuly templátu (odtláčanej molekuly) a funkčného monoméru. Výhodou polymérov s molekulovými odtlačkami je nízka cena, stabilita pri skladovaní, vysoká mechanická pevnosť, možnosť opakovaného použitia bez straty aktivity, a možnosť využitia pre širokú škálu sledovaných molekúl.
Application of molecularly imprinted polymers in analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry The paper reviews recent developments in the use of molecularly imprinted polymers in several analytical techniques, such as solid-phase extraction, liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, capillary electrochromatography, and as selective sorbents in chemical sensors. Molecular imprinting is achieved by the interaction between complementary groups in a template molecule and functional monomer units. The benefits of imprinted polymers are low cost, storage stability, high mechanical strength, repeated operations without loss of activity, and potential application to a wide range of target molecules.
