• MeSH
• amplifikace genu MeSH
• genetická heterogenita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odchlípení sítnice genetika   klasifikace   patologie   MeSH
• sklivec genetika   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To assess differences in cognitive functions by year of birth in Russia and the Czech Republic. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in the general population of Novosibirsk (Russia) and 6 cities of the Czech Republic recruited random samples of men and women (3,874 Russians, 3,626 Czechs) aged 45-69 years in 2002 (i.e. born in 1933-1957). Word recall, verbal fluency (number of animals named in 1 min) and letter search were assessed in a clinic. RESULTS: Except letter search in men, we found similar levels of cognitive functioning in Russians and Czechs in the youngest subjects and a steeper association of functioning with year of birth in Russia than in the Czech Republic. For example, the difference in the mean word recall, associated with 10 years difference in year of birth, was 0.9 (SE 0.06) words in Russian men, compared to 0.4 (0.06) words in Czech men; in women, these figures were 0.8 (0.05) and 0.3 (0.05), respectively. For all outcomes, except letter search in men, the interactions between year of birth and country were statistically highly significant, and the differences in the year of birth effects between countries were largely unexplained by socioeconomic indicators and risk factors. CONCLUSION: The slope of association between lower cognitive functioning and earlier year of birth is much steeper in Russia than in the Czech Republic. Given that poor cognitive functioning is a risk factor for dementia, long-term follow-up of this cohort and other studies into population rates of cognitive impairment in Russia should be a priority.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• kognice * fyziologie   MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy epidemiologie   etiologie   psychologie   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pití alkoholu škodlivé účinky   epidemiologie   psychologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• psychologie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Rusko MeSH

BACKGROUND: Social networks are associated with better cognitive health in older people, but the role of specific aspects of the social network remains unclear. This is especially the case in Central and Eastern Europe. This study examined associations between three aspects of the social network (network size of friends and relatives, contact frequency with friends and relatives, and social activity participation) with cognitive functions (verbal memory, learning ability, verbal fluency, processing speed, and global cognitive function) in older Czech, Polish, and Russian adults. METHODS: Linear regression estimated associations between baseline social networks and cognitive domains measured at both baseline and follow-up (mean duration of follow-up, 3.5 ± 0.7 years) in 6691 participants (mean age, 62.2 ± 6.0 years; 53.7% women) from the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) study. RESULTS: Cross-sectional analyses, adjusted for country, age, and sex, showed positive associations of global cognitive function with social activity participation and network size of friends and relatives, but not with contact frequency in either network. Further adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioural, and health characteristics attenuated the associations with network size of relatives (P-trend = 0.074) but not with network size of friends (P-trend = 0.036) or social activities (P-trend< 0.001). In prospective analyses, network size and social activity participation were also linked with better cognition in simple models, but the associations were much stronger for social activities (P-trend< 0.001) than for network size of friends (P-trend = 0.095) and relatives (P-trend = 0.425). Adjustment for baseline cognition largely explained the prospective associations with network size of friends (P-trend = 0.787) and relatives (P-trend = 0.815), but it only slightly attenuated the association with social activities (P-trend< 0.001). The prospective effect of social activities was largely explained by sociodemographic, health behavioural, and health covariates (P-trend = 0.233). Analyses of specific cognitive domains generally replicated the cross-sectional and prospective findings for global cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: Older Central and Eastern European adults with larger social networks and greater social activities participation had better cognitive function, but these associations were stronger at baseline than over the short-term follow-up.

• MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přátelé MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sociální sítě * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the positive relation between socioeconomic position (SEP) across the life course and later life cognitive function observed in Western populations exists in former communist countries with apparently smaller income inequalities. METHOD: Structural equation modeling analysis of cross-sectional data on 30,846 participants aged 45-78 years in four Central and Eastern European centers: Novosibirsk (Russia), Krakow (Poland), Kaunas (Lithuania), and six Czech towns from the HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol, and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe) study. SEP was measured using self-reported childhood (maternal education, household amenities), adult (education), and older adult (current material circumstances) indicators. Latent variable for cognition was constructed from word recall, animal naming, and letter search. RESULTS: Associations between SEP measures over the life course and cognition were similar across study centers. Education had the strongest direct association with cognition, followed by current material circumstances. Indirect path from education to cognition, mediated by current SEP, was small. Direct path from mother's education to cognition was significant but modest, and partially mediated by later SEP measures, particularly education. DISCUSSION: In these Eastern European populations, late life cognition reflected life course socioeconomic trajectories similarly to findings in Western countries.

• MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• společenská třída * MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• stárnutí psychologie   MeSH
• statistické modely MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• zdravotnické přehledy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Polsko MeSH
• Rusko MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations of frequency, quantity, binge, and problem drinking with cognitive function in older Eastern European adults. METHODS: The investigation included 14,575 participants, aged 47 to 78 years at cognitive assessment in 2006-2008 from Novosibirsk (Russia), Krakow (Poland), and 6 Czech towns participating in the HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol, and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe) prospective cohort study. Average response rates were 59% at baseline (2002-2005) and 63% in 2006-2008. Alcohol consumption was assessed at baseline and in 2006-2008. Cognitive tests included immediate and delayed word recall, semantic fluency (animal naming), and letter cancellation. Associations between alcohol indices and cognitive scores were analyzed cross-sectionally (all measures from 2006 to 2008) and prospectively (alcohol and covariates from 2002 to 2005 and cognition from 2006 to 2008). RESULTS: In cross-sectional analyses, nondrinkers had lower cognitive scores and female moderate drinkers had better cognitive performance than light drinkers. Heavy, binge, and problem drinking were not consistently associated with cognitive function. Few associations were replicated in prospective analyses. Participants who stopped drinking during follow-up had worse cognition than stable drinkers; in men, regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) ranged from -0.26 (-0.36, -0.16) for immediate recall to -0.14 (-0.24, -0.04) for fluency. CONCLUSION: Regular and episodic heavy drinking were not consistently associated with cognitive function. Worse cognition in participants who stopped drinking during follow-up suggests that inclusion of less healthy ex-drinkers may partly explain poorer cognition in nondrinkers.

• MeSH
• chování při pití * MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• východní Evropa MeSH

BACKGROUND: Studies in western populations have shown a positive association between depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. The association with depressive symptoms seems to be graded, rather than limited to the presence versus the absence of depression. Evidence from populations with potentially different patterns of confounders helps to address the consistency of these findings. The objective of the study was to investigate the association between depressive symptoms and all-cause and CVD mortality in populations of Central and Eastern Europe. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study. METHODS: A total of 24,542 participants aged 45-69 years, randomly selected from populations of Novosibirsk (Russia), Krakow (Poland) and six Czech towns, were included. Depressive symptoms, assessed by the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, were used as both continuous and categorical variables. Data on deaths were obtained from local or national death registers. Associations between depression and mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Over a median of 7 years, 2091 deaths from all causes and 850 CVD deaths occurred in the cohorts. There was a graded association between CES-D score and mortality; the hazard ratio (HR) of CVD mortality for a 1 SD increase in CES-D was 1.20 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16-1.24) in men and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.12-1.35) in women; for all-cause mortality, the HRs were 1.13 (95% CI: 1.09-1.18) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.10-1.25), respectively. The results were similar across countries. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms predicted CVD and all-cause mortality independently of a wide range of potential confounders. The association followed a gradient and increased mortality risks were associated with scores below the cut-offs that are commonly used to define 'depression'.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• depresivní poruchy komplikace   epidemiologie   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik * MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci etiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• míra přežití trendy   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• příčina smrti trendy   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• registrace * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

Marine alveolates (MALVs) are diverse and widespread early-branching dinoflagellates, but most knowledge of the group comes from a few cultured species that are generally not abundant in natural samples, or from diversity analyses of PCR-based environmental SSU rRNA gene sequences. To more broadly examine MALV genomes, we generated single cell genome sequences from seven individually isolated cells. Genes expected of heterotrophic eukaryotes were found, with interesting exceptions like presence of proteorhodopsin and vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequences provided strong support for the paraphyly of MALV lineages. Dinoflagellate viral nucleoproteins were found only in MALV groups that branched as sister to dinokaryotes. Our findings indicate that multiple independent origins of several characteristics early in dinoflagellate evolution, such as a parasitic life style, underlie the environmental diversity of MALVs, and suggest they have more varied trophic modes than previously thought.

• MeSH
• analýza jednotlivých buněk MeSH
• Dinoflagellata klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• geny rRNA MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

At the crossroads between Africa and Eurasia, Arabia is necessarily a melting pot, its peoples enriched by successive gene flow over the generations. Estimating the timing and impact of these multiple migrations are important steps in reconstructing the key demographic events in the human history. However, current methods based on genome-wide information identify admixture events inefficiently, tending to estimate only the more recent ages, as here in the case of admixture events across the Red Sea (~8-37 generations for African input into Arabia, and 30-90 generations for "back-to-Africa" migrations). An mtDNA-based founder analysis, corroborated by detailed analysis of the whole-mtDNA genome, affords an alternative means by which to identify, date and quantify multiple migration events at greater time depths, across the full range of modern human history, albeit for the maternal line of descent only. In Arabia, this approach enables us to infer several major pulses of dispersal between the Near East and Arabia, most likely via the Gulf corridor. Although some relict lineages survive in Arabia from the time of the out-of-Africa dispersal, 60 ka, the major episodes in the peopling of the Peninsula took place from north to south in the Late Glacial and, to a lesser extent, the immediate post-glacial/Neolithic. Exchanges across the Red Sea were mainly due to the Arab slave trade and maritime dominance (from ~2.5 ka to very recent times), but had already begun by the early Holocene, fuelled by the establishment of maritime networks since ~8 ka. The main "back-to-Africa" migrations, again undetected by genome-wide dating analyses, occurred in the Late Glacial period for introductions into eastern Africa, whilst the Neolithic was more significant for migrations towards North Africa.

• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• demografie dějiny   MeSH
• efekt zakladatele MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace lidstva dějiny   MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• tok genů * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afrika MeSH
• Arábie MeSH

Important gaps remain in our understanding of the spread of farming into Europe, due partly to apparent contradictions between studies of contemporary genetic variation and ancient DNA. It seems clear that farming was introduced into central, northern, and eastern Europe from the south by pioneer colonization. It is often argued that these dispersals originated in the Near East, where the potential source genetic pool resembles that of the early European farmers, but clear ancient DNA evidence from Mediterranean Europe is lacking, and there are suggestions that Mediterranean Europe may have resembled the Near East more than the rest of Europe in the Mesolithic. Here, we test this proposal by dating mitogenome founder lineages from the Near East in different regions of Europe. We find that whereas the lineages date mainly to the Neolithic in central Europe and Iberia, they largely date to the Late Glacial period in central/eastern Mediterranean Europe. This supports a scenario in which the genetic pool of Mediterranean Europe was partly a result of Late Glacial expansions from a Near Eastern refuge, and that this formed an important source pool for subsequent Neolithic expansions into the rest of Europe.

• MeSH
• běloši MeSH
• efekt zakladatele MeSH
• etnicita MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• genom lidský * MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA analýza   MeSH
• starobylá DNA analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Střední východ MeSH
• Středomoří MeSH

Teorie vztahové vazby v dospělosti je slibným konstruktem pro porozumění vztahovosti a interpersonální adaptaci jedince s aplikacemi prorůstajícími do řady psychologických disciplín včetně psychologie práce a organizace. Hlavním cílem výzkumu byla komplexní analýza work-life balance z pohledu teorie a jednotlivých vazebných stylů s důrazem na rozdíly mezi jednotlivými styly. Sběr dat byl realizován pomocí škály ECR-CZ a polostrukturovaného interview. Dotazníkového šetření se zúčastnilo 78 zaměstnanců základních škol, následně proběhlo 15 interview s respondenty záměrně vybranými dle vztahových vazeb. K analýze bylo využito postupů zakotvené teorie. Výsledky nasvědčují značnému významu teorie v pracovním prostředí a rozdílům v chování zaměstnanců dle stylů vztahové vazby v obou výzkumných oblastech.

The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of attachment styles in work-life balance. Prior research has demonstrated that attachment styles are important antecedents of interpersonal relationship quality and psychological well-being (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). Despite this, the theory of attachment styles has been largely ignored by researchers interested in workplace phenomena. When researchers began exploring the nature of adult attachment, they primarily focused on romantic relationships. Implementation of the theory into organizational settings began with topics such as leadership dynamics where the parent to child parallel is fairly obvious (Harms, 2011). Over the past two decades, however, number of studies have attempted to examine the role of attachment styles and a variety of behaviors, attitudes, and experiences in the workplace setting (e.g. Richards & Schat, 2011; Geller & Bamberger, 2009). The research sample consisted of 78 female middle school teachers. Data collection consisted of attachment style diagnostics using the Czech version of Experiences in Close Relationships and semistructured interview assessing respondents’ work-life. Depending on the attachment style, 15 interviews were conducted covering an equal number of secure, anxious and avoidant respondents. Using methodology of grounded theory, data analysis consisted of coding transcripted interviews, identifying key points and grouping them into concepts and categories. Results indicate that individuals with anxious attachment were more likely to experience negative spillover in both directions. Purely positive spillover occurred mainly among secure individuals. Avoidant individuals tended towards segmentation between domains. Secures mostly identified with their work, and individuals with ambivalent attachment fluctuated between segmentation and identification. Different reactions to authority confrontation were also found. Individuals with anxious attachment tend to subordinate to authorities. Avoidant indiviuals showed more assertiveness and resistance. Secure indiviuals acknowledged both personal and role dimentions. According to the study of Summer and Knight (2001), individuals with anxious attachment experience higher levels of negative spillover from home to work than did secures and avoidants. Secure individuals were also more likely to experience positive spillover in both directions. Prior research suggests that securely attached individuals are able to prevent the spreading of negative affect (Mikulincer & Orbach, 1995), are more likely to use constructive coping strategies in dealing with stress (Mikulincer, Florian, & Weller, 1993). Kahn and Kram (1994) suggested authority stances similar to our findings and proposed independent, counterdependent and dependent internal models of authority which correspond to attachment styles. Limitations of the study are in the specific research sample and its size. Further research applicating quantitative methods is advised.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pracovně-životní rovnováha * MeSH
• připoutání k objektu * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rozhovory jako téma MeSH
• učitelé MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH