Salmonella carrier state (42.6%-S. enteritidis and 34.4%-S. dublin) was demonstrated in subjects after acute salmonellosis as well as in healthy persons infected with salmonella as a result of occupational exposure to poultry (8.8% in humans exposed to chickens and 6.1% in those exposed to ducks) and sheep (2.8%). The carrier state was accompanied by intermittent pain in the epigastrium, diminished appetite, diarrhoea etc. Most of the carrier subjects with a history of salmonellosis exhibited, upon rectoromanoscopy, a varying degree of proctosigmoiditsi. The etiological role of S. typhimurium was proved beyond doubt, as well as its ability to cause salmonellosis outbursts, sporadic cases of the disease and the carrier state. When large industrial facilities specializing in poultry processing were investigated, the salmonella carrier state was revealed in practically healthy poultry--in 16% of chickens and 12% of ducks. The salmonella organisms isolated from carrier persons had, with some exceptions, typical properties, being virulent in that they caused death of experimental animals, seeded their internal organs and induced pathogenicity-associated enzymes. Multiple resistance to antibiotics was demonstrated in salmonella isolated from poultry; also determined was its plasmid nature. Pronounced resistance of the above salmonella subtypes to tetracycline-related antibiotics and streptomycin may be due to the fact that these drugs are used in poultry raising.

• MeSH
• drůbež MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci drůbeže mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• nemoci zemědělců mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• přenašečství * MeSH
• Salmonella enteritidis izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Salmonella izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Plasmids of Salmonella enterica vary in size from 2 to more than 200 kb. The best described group of plasmids are the virulence plasmids (50-100 kb in size) present in serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Dublin, Cholerae-suis, Gallinarum, Pullorum and Abortus-ovis. They all encode spvRABCD genes involved in intra-macrophage survival of Salmonella. Another group of high molecular weight plasmids are plasmids responsible for antibiotic resistance. Since most of these plasmids are conjugative, besides storage of genetic information, they contribute to the spread of genes in bacterial populations. The low molecular weight plasmids are the last group of plasmids found in S. enterica. Some of them have been shown to increase resistance to phage infection due to the presence of restriction modification systems. Despite limited knowledge on their function, their presence or absence is frequently used for strain differentiation in epidemiological studies.

• MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• faktory virulence genetika   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• molekulová hmotnost MeSH
• plazmidy genetika   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica genetika   patogenita   účinky léků   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat mikrobiologie   MeSH
• virulence genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Few studies have been conducted on the presence of Salmonella in the rodents that inhabit the wet markets that play an important role in daily life in Southeast Asia. The results of studies of rodents as carriers of Salmonella vary greatly, ranging from an absence of Salmonella to high prevalences. Previous studies investigated habitats such as farms and urban and wild areas where there is less rodent-human interaction than in wet markets. Consequently, the potential role of rodents as reservoirs and transmitters of Salmonella in wet markets is of great interest. METHODS: Rodents were trapped in eight traditional wet markets in Thailand and identified to species level. Subsequently, they were screened for Salmonella and isolates were serotyped. RESULTS: A total of 110 rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus exulans) were examined. Overall, the prevalence of Salmonella in rats was 49.10%, but varied between 0% and 73.3% among markets. Three serovars were identified: Salmonella Typhimurium (30%), S. Weltevreden (12.7%), and S. 4,[5],12:i:- (6.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that rodents in wet markets are a potential reservoir of Salmonella due to the close contact they have with humans and food. The three isolated serovars, of which serovar S. 4,[5],12:i:- is reported for the first time in rodents, are among the 10 commonest serovars isolated from humans in Thailand. Thus, more attention should be paid to rodents as potential reservoirs of Salmonella.

• MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• obchod * MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
• Salmonella klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zdroje nemoci mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• zoonózy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Thajsko MeSH

Raccoons are common in urban and rural environments and can carry a wide range of bacteria, including Salmonella, that can negatively affect human and livestock health. Although previous studies have reported that raccoons shed a variety of Salmonella serovars in their faeces, it is unknown whether Salmonella is carried on raccoon paws. Our objective was to compare the prevalence of Salmonella on the paws and in the faeces of raccoons in south-western Ontario. Raccoons were sampled in a repeat cross-sectional study on five swine farms and five conservation areas from May to October 2012. A total of 416 paired faecal and paw samples were collected from 285 individual raccoons. Salmonella was detected in 18% (75/416; 95% CI, 14-22%) and 27% (111/416; 95% CI, 22-31%) of paw and faecal samples, respectively. Salmonella was detected only on paws in 8% (35/416; 95% CI, 5.9-11.5%), only in faeces in 17% (71/416; 95% CI, 13.6-21.0%) and on both paws and in faeces in 10% (40/416; 95% CI, 7.0-12.9%) of raccoon captures. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine associations between the presence of Salmonella and age (adult, juvenile), sex (male, female), location type (swine farm, conservation area), sample type (faeces, paw) and season (May-July and August-October). Random intercepts were included to account for clustering by individual animal and location. Significant differences, that varied by sample type and season, were noted in the prevalence of Salmonella carriage between sexes. Raccoons can carry Salmonella serovars known to infect humans and livestock on their paws and/or in their faeces and therefore have the potential to mechanically and biologically disseminate Salmonella among livestock facilities and human recreational areas.

• MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mývalové mikrobiologie   MeSH
• noha (od hlezna dolů) mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Salmonella izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ontario epidemiologie   MeSH

V České republice v roce 1989 trojnásobně stoupla roční incidence salmonelóz, bylo hlášeno 34 435případů. Od tohoto roku trend nemocnosti kolísá mezi 400 až 500 případy na 100 tisíc obyvatel.Dominujícím agens (95 % a více) je Salmonella Enteritidis PT8. Epidemický výskyt byl zaznamenánna celém území ČR, nejvíce na Moravě a ve Východočeském kraji. Specifická nemocnost je nejvyššíu skupiny dětí do jednoho roku věku a 1 – 4letých dětí. Sezonní výskyt má dvouvrcholový průběh,s výjimkou roku 1997. Během období 1989–1996 významně vzrostl počet epidemií salmonelóz v souvislosti s potravinářskými výrobnami včetně soukromých cukráren, restaurací a pouličních stánků.Nejvýznamnějším vehikulem jsou vejce a výrobky z vajec, zejména cukrářské zákusky. SalmonellaTyphimurium DT104 se v ČR vyskytuje ojediněle. První epidemie (15 postižených) vznikla v roce1998.

In the Czech Republic in 1989 a triple increase of the incidence of salmonelloses was recorded:34 435 cases. Since that year the morbidity trend varies between 400 and 500 cases per 100 000population. The dominating agent (95% and more) is Salmonella Enteritidis PT8. The epidemicincidence was recorded on the whole territory of the Czech Republic mainly in Moravia and in theEast Bohemian region. The specific morbidity is highest in 0 and 1 – 4 year-old children. The seasonalincidence has two peaks with the exception of 1997. During the period between 1989 and 1996 therewas a significant increase of epidemics of salmonellosis in conjunction with food production incl.private confectionery shops, restaurants and the sale of foods in the streets. The most importantvehicle are eggs and egg products, in particular confectionery. Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 isfound only rarely in the Czech Republic. The first epidemic (15 cases) developed in 1998.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fagotypizace metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• otrava salmonelou epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• potraviny MeSH
• Salmonella enterica patogenita   MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium patogenita   MeSH
• salmonelóza epidemiologie   MeSH
• vejce MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• deoxyguanosin metabolismus   MeSH
• Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• karcinogeny MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí toxicita   MeSH
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny toxicita   MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium genetika   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• testy genotoxicity MeSH

Hybrid disintegration of waste activated sludge (WAS) before the thermophilic anaerobic stabilization of WAS contributes to the intensification of organic compounds decomposition and increases the effectiveness of the anaerobic stabilization process compared to the fermentation of raw WAS. This article investigates the influence of a chemical-thermal pretreatment procedure with the use of NaOH and freezing by the dry ice on WAS. We found that the hybrid pretreatment of WAS causes higher concentration of released organics in the liquid phase (represented here as a change in soluble chemical oxygen demand - SCOD value) in comparison to these disintegration techniques used separately. The use of disintegrated WAS (WASD) as an additional material in the digester chambers impacts (varying on its proportion added), the generation of biogas and its yield. The recorded amount of the produced biogas and biogas yield after 21 days of fermentation increased by 26.6% and 2.7%, respectively (in comparison to blank sample). In addition, it was observed that the hybrid process before anaerobic stabilization contributes to a higher hygienisation of the digested sludge.

• MeSH
• anaerobióza MeSH
• biopaliva analýza   MeSH
• Escherichia coli růst a vývoj   MeSH
• fermentace * MeSH
• měření biologické spotřeby kyslíku MeSH
• methan analýza   MeSH
• odpad tekutý - odstraňování metody   MeSH
• odpadní vody * analýza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Salmonella růst a vývoj   MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Publikační typ
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Mikrobiologie
• NLK Obory
• mikrobiologie, lékařská mikrobiologie
• infekční lékařství

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• gastroenterologie
• bakteriologie

V roce 2017 bylo v ČR zpracováno formou závěrečných zpráv 83 mimořádných epidemických výskytů infekčních nemocí. Nejvíce jich pocházelo z Karlovarského a Královéhradeckého kraje, nejméně z Jihočeského a Vysočiny, žádnou mimořádnou epidemiologickou událost nehodnotil kraj Praha. Počty epidemických výskytů však nereflektují demografické charakteristiky krajů. V uplynulém roce převládaly střevní infekcemi viry a jinými určenými mikroorganismy, následované jinými infekcemi způsobenými salmonelami a jinou gastroenteritidou a kolitidou infekčního a NS původu. Mikrobiologické vyšetření biologického materiálu, případně vehikul nákazy bylo provedeno u naprosté většiny epidemických výskytů. Informace o původci nákazy, zdroji nákazy, cestě přenosu infekčního agens a attack rate, tedy stěžejní epidemiologické údaje, obsahovala většina hlášení. Pouze u zdroje nákazy, byly tak jako každoročně, zaznamenány problémy s jeho určením. Jinak většina zpráv byla sepsána včas a obsahovala údaj o sankcích, které byly udělovány výjímečně. Všechny zprávy splňovaly předepsanou osnovu a z velké většiny byly doplněny grafickým znázorněním průběhu epidemie.

In 2017, final reports were presented on 83 epidemiological emergencies due to outbreaks of infectious diseases. The most affected were the Karlovy Vary and Hradec Králové Regions, the least affected were the South Bohemian and Highlands Regions, and no epidemiological emergency occurred in the Prague Region. Nevertheless, the numbers of epidemic outbreaks are not linked to the regional demographic characteristics. Last year, viral and other specified intestinal infections were the most prevalent, followed by other specified salmonella infections and unspecified infectious gastroenteritis and colitis.Microbiological examination of biological specimens or, possibly, of vehicles of infection was performed in the vast majority of epidemic outbreaks. The key epidemiological data on the causative agent, source of infection, route of transmission, and attack rate were provided in most reports. As in previous years, problems were encountered while attempting to identify the source of infection. Most reports were submitted in time and presented information on the sanctions, which were only imposed exceptionally. All reports were structured properly and most of them provided a graphic representation of the course of the outbreak.

• MeSH
• epidemie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• hlášení nemocí statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• infekční nemoci * epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• tabulky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH