• Klíčová slova
• parazit, kopřivka, cimikóza,
• MeSH
• antihistaminika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• exantém MeSH
• fluocinolonacetonid terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kousnutí a bodnutí hmyzem diagnóza   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• parazitární onemocnění kůže diagnóza   etiologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• pruritus MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• štěnice MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Wolbachia bacteria, vertically transmitted intracellular endosymbionts, are associated with two major host taxa in which they show strikingly different symbiotic modes. In some taxa of filarial nematodes, where Wolbachia are strictly obligately beneficial to the host, they show complete within- and among-species prevalence as well as co-phylogeny with their hosts. In arthropods, Wolbachia usually are parasitic; if beneficial effects occurs, they can be facultative or obligate, related to host reproduction. In arthropods, the prevalence of Wolbachia varies within and among taxa, and no co-speciation events are known. However, one arthropod species, the common bedbug Cimex lectularius was recently found to be dependent on the provision of biotin and riboflavin by Wolbachia, representing a unique case of Wolbachia providing nutritional and obligate benefits to an arthropod host, perhaps even in a mutualistic manner. Using the presence of presumably functional biotin gene copies, our study demonstrates that the obligate relationship is maintained at least in 10 out of 15 species of the genera Cimex and Paracimex. The remaining five species harboured Wolbachia as well, demonstrating the first known case of 100% prevalence of Wolbachia among higher arthropod taxa. Moreover, we show the predicted co-cladogenesis between Wolbachia and their bedbug hosts, also as the first described case of Wolbachia co-speciation in arthropods.

• MeSH
• biosyntetické dráhy genetika   MeSH
• biotin biosyntéza   MeSH
• štěnice mikrobiologie   MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) * MeSH
• Wolbachia klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Co-speciation between host-parasite species is generally thought to result in mirror-image congruent phylogenies. For the last several centuries, many bat species have been turning synanthropic, especially those that are hosted by bedbugs in Europe. There is evidence of only limited gene flow from the population of people to the population of bats. This study was focused on comparison of survival, development, and the reproduction rate based on cross-feeding experiments. In our research, we used two bedbugs groups of Cimex lectularius-bat- and human-associated and respectively as specific/non-specific host bat and commercial human blood. Both lineages show different behavior according to their host preferences. During the bat blood experiment, we found significant differences between both human- and bat-associated bedbugs (Log rank test fourth χ(2) = 9.93, p > 0.05; fifth χ(2) = 11.33, p < 0.05), while no differences occurred with the human blood experiment between the survival levels. In molting, differences between both groups were significant particularly in the case of the bat blood experiment (fourth χ(2)  = 5.91, p < 0.05). In the case of the bat blood experiment, we found a higher probability of molting in bat-associated groups than in human-associated groups. In the case of the human blood experiment, molting probability was stable in both specific and non-specific, showing similar pattern in both cases for all stages. Our results indicate an occurrence of two ecotypes within the one species C. lectularius. These findings support earlier data about morphological and mitochondrial DNA differences. The differentiation of both lineages fits the concept of specific host choice.

• MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• Chiroptera MeSH
• ekotyp * MeSH
• hostitelská specificita * MeSH
• krev MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rozmnožování MeSH
• štěnice klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

The bedbug, Cimex lectularius, is a well-known human ectoparasite that is reemerging after a long absence of several decades in developed countries of North America and Western Europe. Bedbugs' original hosts were likely bats, and the bedbugs are still common in their roosts. Using morphometry and sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and 16S genes, we showed that the populations on bats and humans are largely isolated and differ in morphology. The character of the morphological difference suggests it to be due to adaptation to different hosts, namely adaptations to different sensory, feeding, and dispersal needs. Using the molecular data, we estimated the time of splitting into bat- and human-parasitizing groups using the isolation-with-migration model. The estimate is surprisingly long ago and seems to predate the expansion of modern human from Africa. The gene flow between bat- and human-parasitizing bedbugs is limited and asymmetric with prevailing direction from human-parasitizing populations to bat-parasitizing populations. The differentiation of the populations fits the concept of host races and supports the idea of sympatric speciation. Furthermore, our findings contradict recently formulated hypotheses suggesting bat roosts as a source of bedbug's resurgence as a human pest. Also, we extend the known host range of the bedbug by two bat species.

• MeSH
• Chiroptera MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• infestace ektoparazity parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• respirační komplex IV genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• štěnice anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• tok genů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH

In summer 2003 two separate infestations due to the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius) occurred in Pisa, Italy. Cutaneous reaction was evident and one patient developed a severe bullous eruption. In both cases there was circumstantial evidence for association with international travel.

• MeSH
• cestování MeSH
• dezinsekce MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• infestace ektoparazity * farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• kousnutí a bodnutí hmyzem * farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lůžkoviny MeSH
• štěnice * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Itálie MeSH
• Nepál MeSH

V posledním desetiletí došlo k dramatickému znovurozšíření cizopasníka Cimex lectularius neboli štěnice domácí. Důvodem je zřejmě vysoká migrace obyvatelstva a rezistence parazita na běžné insekticidy. Následující přehled se věnuje popisu parazita a jeho životního cyklu, klinickému obrazu napadení a možnostem terapie.

In the last decade has seen a dramatic Cimex lectularius extension parasite or bedbugs. The reason is probably the high-migration and parasite resistance to common insecticides. The following overview is devoted to the description of the parasite and its life cycle, clinical picture and the possibilities of attack therapy.

• Klíčová slova
• Cimex lectularius, parazitóza, životní cyklus,
• MeSH
• epidemiologie MeSH
• kousnutí a bodnutí hmyzem diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• parazitární onemocnění kůže etiologie   prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• štěnice parazitologie   růst a vývoj   účinky léků   MeSH
• terapie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

All 100+ bedbug species (Cimicidae) are obligate blood-sucking parasites [1, 2]. In general, blood sucking (hematophagy) is thought to have evolved in generalist feeders adventitiously taking blood meals [3, 4], but those cimicid taxa currently considered ancestral are putative host specialists [1, 5]. Bats are believed to be the ancestral hosts of cimicids [1], but a cimicid fossil [6] predates the oldest known bat fossil [7] by >30 million years (Ma). The bedbugs that parasitize humans [1, 8] are host generalists, so their evolution from specialist ancestors is incompatible with the "resource efficiency" hypothesis and only partially consistent with the "oscillation" hypothesis [9-16]. Because quantifying host shift frequencies of hematophagous specialists and generalists may help to predict host associations when vertebrate ranges expand by climate change [17], livestock, and pet trade in general and because of the previously proposed role of human pre-history in parasite speciation [18-20], we constructed a fossil-dated, molecular phylogeny of the Cimicidae. This phylogeny places ancestral Cimicidae to 115 mya as hematophagous specialists with lineages that later frequently populated bat and bird lineages. We also found that the clades, including the two major current urban pests, Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus, separated 47 mya, rejecting the notion that the evolutionary trajectories of Homo caused their divergence [18-21]. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

• MeSH
• Chiroptera genetika   parazitologie   MeSH
• Cimicidae genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita * MeSH
• koevoluce * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Sperm metabolism is fundamental to sperm motility and male fertility. Its measurement is still in its infancy, and recommendations do not exist as to whether or how to standardize laboratory procedures. Here, using the sperm of an insect, the common bedbug, Cimex lectularius, we demonstrate that standardization of sperm metabolism is required with respect to the artificial sperm storage medium and a natural medium, the seminal fluid. We used fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) in combination with time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) to quantify sperm metabolism based on the fluorescent properties of autofluorescent coenzymes, NAD(P)H and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Autofluorescence lifetimes (decay times) differ for the free and protein-bound state of the co-enzymes, and their relative contributions to the lifetime signal serve to characterize the metabolic state of cells. We found that artificial storage medium and seminal fluid separately, and additively, affected sperm metabolism. In a medium containing sugars and amino acids (Grace's Insect medium), sperm showed increased glycolysis compared with a commonly used storage medium, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Adding seminal fluid to the sperm additionally increased oxidative phosphorylation, likely reflecting increased energy production of sperm during activation. Our study provides a protocol to measure sperm metabolism independently from motility, stresses that protocol standardizations for sperm measurements should be implemented and, for the first time, demonstrates that seminal fluid alters sperm metabolism. Equivalent protocol standardizations should be imposed on metabolic investigations of human sperm samples.

• MeSH
• flavinadenindinukleotid * MeSH
• mikroskopie fluorescenční multifotonová MeSH
• motilita spermií MeSH
• NADP * MeSH
• spermie účinky léků   MeSH
• štěnice MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• štěnice * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• Argasidae parazitologie   MeSH
• štěnice parazitologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kongresy MeSH