PURPOSE: Social patterns in bullying show consistent gender differences in adolescent perpetration and victimization with large cross-national variations. Previous research shows associations between societal gender inequality and gender differences in some violent behaviors in adolescents. Therefore, there is a need to go beyond individual associations and use a more social ecological perspective when examining gender differences in bullying behaviors. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to explore cross-national gender differences in bullying behaviors and (2) to examine whether national-level gender inequality relates to gender differences in adolescent bullying behaviors. METHODS: Traditional bullying and cyberbullying were measured in 11-year-olds to 15-year-olds in the 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (n = 200,423). We linked individual data to national gender inequality (Gender Inequality Index, 2018) in 46 countries and tested their association using mixed-effects (multilevel) logistic regression models. RESULTS: Large cross-national variations were observed in gender differences in bullying. Boys had higher odds of perpetrating both traditional and cyberbullying and victimization by traditional bullying than girls. Greater gender inequality at country level was associated with heightened gender differences in traditional bullying. In contrast, lower gender inequality was associated with larger gender differences for cyber victimization. DISCUSSION: Societal gender inequality relates to adolescents' involvement in bullying and gendered patterns in bullying. Public health policy should target societal factors that have an impact on young people's behavior.

• MeSH
• Aggression MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Cyberbullying * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Crime Victims * MeSH
• Sex Factors MeSH
• Bullying * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of gender and gender stereotype traits (masculinity, femininity) in cyber victimization behaviors (cyber relational victimization, cyber verbal victimization, hacking) through different technologies (mobile phones, gaming consoles, social networking sites). There were 456 8th graders (226 females; M age = 13.66, SD = 0.41) from two midwestern middle schools in the United States included in this study. They completed questionnaires on their endorsement of masculine and feminine traits, and self-reported cyber victimization through different technologies. The findings revealed main effects of types of cyber victimization for boys and of technology for girls. In particular, boys with feminine traits experienced the most victimization by cyber verbal aggression, cyber relational aggression, and hacking when compared to the other groups of boys. Girls with feminine traits experienced the most cyber victimization through social networking sites, gaming consoles, and mobile phones in comparison to the other groups of girls. For girls with feminine traits, they reported more cyber relational victimization and cyber verbal victimization through mobile phones and social networking sites, as well as more hacking via social networking sites. Such findings underscore the importance of considering gender stereotype traits, types of victimization, and technologies when examining cyber victimization.

• MeSH
• Aggression MeSH
• Adolescent Behavior * MeSH
• Gender Identity * MeSH
• Cyberbullying psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Masculinity MeSH
• Crime Victims psychology   MeSH
• Text Messaging MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Bullying MeSH
• Schools MeSH
• Social Media * MeSH
• Stereotyping MeSH
• Video Games MeSH
• Self Report MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND: Problem behaviour theory postulates that different forms of norm violations cluster and can be explained by similar antecedents. One such cluster may include cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration. A potential explanatory mechanism includes toxic online disinhibition, characterised by anonymity, an inability to empathise and to recognise and interpret social cues. The current study to develop a better understanding of the relationship between cyberhate and cyberbullying to inform effective intervention and prevention efforts. AIMS: To test the link between cyberbullying and cyberhate and whether this relationship was moderated by toxic online disinhibition. METHODS: Self-report questionnaires on cyberbullying, cyberhate, and toxic online disinhibition were completed by 1,480 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old (M = 14.21 years; SD = 1.68). RESULTS: Increases in cyberbullying perpetration and toxic online disinhibition were positively related to cyberhate perpetration. Furthermore, cyberbullies reported more cyberhate perpetration when they reported higher levels of toxic online disinhibition and less frequent cyberhate perpetration when they reported lower levels of toxic online disinhibition. CONCLUSION: The current study provides evidence of a possible link between cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration, moderated by toxic online disinhibition. This suggests that, to be effective, prevention and intervention programmes should (i) consider the co-occurrence of varying forms of cyberaggression and (ii) consider potential effects of the online environment on aggressive online behaviour among young people.

• MeSH
• Aggression MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Inhibition, Psychological * MeSH
• Internet * MeSH
• Cyberbullying psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Hate * MeSH
• Crime Victims psychology   MeSH
• Problem Behavior MeSH
• Self Report MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Germany MeSH

The goal of this three-year longitudinal study was to examine the buffering effect of parental mediation of adolescents' technology use (i.e., restrictive, co-viewing, and instructive) on the relationships among cyber aggression involvement and substance use (i.e., alcohol use, marijuana use, cigarette smoking, and non-marijuana illicit drug use). Overall, 867 (Mage = 13.67, age range from 13-15 years, 51% female, 49% White) 8th grade adolescents from the Midwestern United States participated in this study during the 6th grade (Wave 1), 7th grade (Wave 2), and 8th grade (Wave 3). Results revealed that higher levels of Wave 2 instructive mediation weakened the association between Wave 1 cyber victimization and Wave 3 alcohol use and Wave 3 non-marijuana illicit drug use. The relationship was stronger between Wave 1 cyber victimization and Wave 3 alcohol use and Wave 3 non-marijuana illicit drug use when adolescents reported lower levels of Wave 2 instructive mediation. At lower levels of Wave 2 instructive mediation, the association between Wave 1 cyber aggression perpetration and Wave 3 non-marijuana illicit drug use was stronger. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of parents recognizing their role in helping to mitigate the negative consequences associated with adolescents' cyber aggression involvement.

• MeSH
• Aggression * MeSH
• Confidentiality MeSH
• Cyberbullying * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Crime Victims MeSH
• Substance-Related Disorders psychology   MeSH
• Parents * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Midwestern United States MeSH

Online hatred based on attributes, such as origin, race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation, has become a rising public concern across the world. Past research on aggressive behavior suggests strong associations between victimization and perpetration and that toxic online disinhibition and sex might influence this relationship. However, no study investigated both the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration and the potential moderation effects of toxic online disinhibition on this relationship. To this end, the present study was conducted. The sample consists of 1,480 7th to 10th graders from Germany. Results revealed positive associations between online hate victimization and perpetration. Furthermore, the results support the idea that toxic online disinhibition and sex, by way of moderator effects, affect the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration. Victims of online hate reported more online hate perpetration when they reported higher levels of online disinhibition and less frequent online hate perpetration when they reported lower levels of toxic online disinhibition. Additionally, the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration was significantly greater among boys than among girls. Taken together, our results extend previous findings to online hate involvement among adolescents and substantiate the importance to conduct more research on online hate. In addition, our findings highlight the need for prevention and intervention programs that help adolescents deal with the emerging issue of online hate.

• MeSH
• Aggression MeSH
• Inhibition, Psychological * MeSH
• Internet MeSH
• Cyberbullying psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Hate * MeSH
• Crime Victims psychology   MeSH
• Sexual Behavior psychology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Germany MeSH

Research is increasingly revealing that adolescents utilize electronic technologies to promote and/or maintain their social standing among their peer group. Little is known about whether adolescents' perceptions of popularity-motivated behaviors, characteristics, and relationships in cyberspace are associated with popularity-motivated cyber relational aggression. It is also unclear how gender might impact these associations, especially considering that adolescent girls and boys differ in regard to the type of behaviors, characteristics, and relationships they believe contribute to popularity. To this end, this study examined the potential moderating effect of gender on the association between adolescents' perceptions of popularity-motivated behaviors, characteristics, and relationships in cyberspace and their engagement in popularity-motivated cyber relational aggression over 1 year, from seventh to eighth grade. There were 217 eighth graders (51 percent female; M age = 12.13) from three middle schools in a large Midwestern city in the United States included in this research. They completed questionnaires on their popularity-motivated behaviors, characteristics, and relationships in cyberspace and their perpetration of popularity-motivated cyber relational aggression during the seventh grade. One year later, they completed the perpetration of popularity-motivated cyber relational aggression questionnaire. The results revealed that the association between popularity-motivated behaviors, characteristics, and relationships in cyberspace and the perpetration of popularity-motivated cyber relational aggression was stronger for girls, while such an association was not found for boys. These findings indicate the importance of considering cyberspace as an environment in which adolescents can enhance their social standing among peers from their school.

• MeSH
• Aggression psychology   MeSH
• Gender Identity * MeSH
• Internet MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Motivation * MeSH
• Perception MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Psychological Distance * MeSH
• Schools MeSH
• Peer Group * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Cyberbullying often takes place with the virtual presence or knowledge of bystanders. While we have some evidence about the determinants of bystanders' responses to offline bullying, we lack empirical studies concerning the variables that influence bystanders' responses to cyberbullying. The current study examines bystanders' responses to offline bullying and cyberbullying incidents. Two types of responses were captured: support toward the victims and the reinforcement of bullies' actions. Using data from 321 German adolescents (ages 12-18; M = 14.99; 44% girls), the association between bystanders' responses and normative beliefs about verbal aggression and cyberaggression, and affective and cognitive empathy, were tested in a path model. Both types of normative beliefs positively predicted the reinforcement of bullies, and normative belief about verbal aggression also predicted support for the victims of offline bullying. Both types of empathy predicted support in offline bullying, but only affective empathy predicted support in cyberbullying. There was no link between affective or cognitive empathy to the reinforcement of bullies. Moreover, bystanders' tendencies to respond supportively to the victim or to reinforce the bully were rather consistent in both cyber- and offline bullying, but there was no link between support and reinforcement. The findings are discussed with regard to implications for prevention and intervention efforts.

• MeSH
• Affect MeSH
• Aggression psychology   MeSH
• Child Behavior psychology   MeSH
• Adolescent Behavior psychology   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Empathy * MeSH
• Internet MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Crime Victims psychology   MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Bullying * MeSH
• Social Behavior MeSH
• Social Norms * MeSH
• Students psychology   MeSH
• Peer Group * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Germany MeSH

Extensive research has examined face-to-face aggression within adolescents' romantic relationships, but little attention has been given to the role of electronic technologies in adolescents' perpetuation of these behaviors. Thus, this study examined the relationship of anxious and avoidant partner attachments to partner-directed cyber aggression, assessed 1 year later among 600 adolescents (54% female). After accounting for gender and previous behaviors, anxious partner attachment was related to later partner-directed cyber aggression. In addition, insecure parental attachment from adolescents' mothers was related positively to insecure partner attachment and had an indirect effect on their partner-directed cyber aggression through the mediation of anxious partner attachment. This study provides insight into the impact of electronic technologies on adolescents' romantic relationships.

• MeSH
• Aggression MeSH
• Adolescent Behavior psychology   MeSH
• Interpersonal Relations MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Parents MeSH
• Sexual Partners psychology   MeSH
• Bullying psychology   MeSH
• Parent-Child Relations * MeSH
• Self Report MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Příspěvek se zabývá aktuálním tématem kyberšikany, která se v posledních letech spolu s rozvojem informačních a komunikačních technologií rychle vyvíjí a věnuje se jí čím dál větší pozornost. Hlavním předmětem příspěvku je vlastní výzkum, jehož cílem bylo zmapovat výskyt kyberšikany na základních školách Jihočeského kraje. Pro sběr dat byla použita technika dotazníku, který byl anonymní a byl distribuován v první polovině roku 2013 žákům druhého stupně základních škol v Jihočeském kraji. Celkem bylo vyhodnoceno 765 dotazníků, kdy z celkového počtu respondentů bylo 53 % chlapců a 47 % dívek. Výsledky tohoto výzkumu ukázaly, že oběťmi kyberšikany se za svůj život stalo celkem 21 % žáků druhého stupně základních škol. Nejčastěji byli žáci v online prostředí obtěžováni na chatu, a to v 37,8 % případů. Ke kyberšikanování druhých se přiznalo celkem 9,8 % žáků. Respondenti uvedli, že nejčastějším důvodem, proč se rozhodli kyberšikanovat druhé, byla zábava (26 %) a dále jiný než některý z uvedených důvodů (26 %). Oběti kyberšikany se vyskytují častěji mezi dívkami než mezi chlapci, avšak u agresorů je tomu naopak, tj. chlapci kyberšikanují druhé častěji než dívky.

The paper deals with the current topic of cyberbullying, which has been rapidly evolving in recent years. Together with the development of communication and information technologies, more and more attention is dedicated to this issue. The main theme of this paper is research directed at mapping the incidences of cyberbullying at primary schools of South Bohemia region. Data collection was done with the use of a questionnaire, which was anonymous and was distributed to 11–15 year-old pupils of primary schools in South Bohemia region in the first half of 2013. In total, 765 questionnaires were evaluated. There were 53% boys and 47% girls from the total number of respondents. The results of this research showed that in total, 21% of pupils at primary schools became a victim of cyberbullying sometime during their life time. In on-line environment, the pupils were most often harassed while chatting with someone. That involved 37.8% cases. In total, 9.8% of pupils admitted to cyberbullying others. The respondents reported that the most common reason why they decided to cyberbully the others was “amusement” (26%) and “for other reason”, reported (26%). The victims of cyberbullying are more prevalent among girls than among boys but it is opposite with the aggressors, i.e. boys cyberbully others more often than girls.

• Keywords
• základní škola, žáci, agresor, oběť,
• MeSH
• Aggression psychology   MeSH
• Adolescent Behavior MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Internet utilization   MeSH
• Interpersonal Relations MeSH
• Cyberbullying MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Child Advocacy psychology   legislation & jurisprudence   MeSH
• Social Behavior Disorders pathology   prevention & control   psychology   MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Bullying * classification   psychology   MeSH
• Schools * MeSH
• Social Media utilization   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH

• MeSH
• Aggression MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Gambling MeSH
• Internet * MeSH
• Criminal Behavior MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Computers * MeSH
• Sedentary Behavior MeSH
• Social Behavior MeSH
• Social Networking MeSH
• Video Games psychology   adverse effects   MeSH
• Child Rearing psychology   trends   MeSH
• Social Participation MeSH
• Child Health * trends   MeSH
• Adolescent Health trends   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH