Online hate is a topic that has received considerable interest lately, as online hate represents a risk to self-determination and peaceful coexistence in societies around the globe. However, not much is known about the explanations for adolescents posting or forwarding hateful online material or how adolescents cope with this newly emerging online risk. Thus, we sought to better understand the relationship between a bystander to and perpetrator of online hate, and the moderating effects of problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., assertive, technical coping) within this relationship. Self-report questionnaires on witnessing and committing online hate and assertive and technical coping were completed by 6829 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age from eight countries. The results showed that increases in witnessing online hate were positively related to being a perpetrator of online hate. Assertive and technical coping strategies were negatively related with perpetrating online hate. Bystanders of online hate reported fewer instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported higher levels of assertive and technical coping strategies, and more frequent instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported lower levels of assertive and technical coping strategies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, if effective, prevention and intervention programs that target online hate should consider educating young people about problem-focused coping strategies, self-assertiveness, and media skills. Implications for future research are discussed.
- MeSH
- Adaptation, Psychological * MeSH
- Assertiveness MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Internet * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Hate * MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Self Report MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
BACKGROUND: Problem behaviour theory postulates that different forms of norm violations cluster and can be explained by similar antecedents. One such cluster may include cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration. A potential explanatory mechanism includes toxic online disinhibition, characterised by anonymity, an inability to empathise and to recognise and interpret social cues. The current study to develop a better understanding of the relationship between cyberhate and cyberbullying to inform effective intervention and prevention efforts. AIMS: To test the link between cyberbullying and cyberhate and whether this relationship was moderated by toxic online disinhibition. METHODS: Self-report questionnaires on cyberbullying, cyberhate, and toxic online disinhibition were completed by 1,480 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old (M = 14.21 years; SD = 1.68). RESULTS: Increases in cyberbullying perpetration and toxic online disinhibition were positively related to cyberhate perpetration. Furthermore, cyberbullies reported more cyberhate perpetration when they reported higher levels of toxic online disinhibition and less frequent cyberhate perpetration when they reported lower levels of toxic online disinhibition. CONCLUSION: The current study provides evidence of a possible link between cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration, moderated by toxic online disinhibition. This suggests that, to be effective, prevention and intervention programmes should (i) consider the co-occurrence of varying forms of cyberaggression and (ii) consider potential effects of the online environment on aggressive online behaviour among young people.
- MeSH
- Aggression MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Inhibition, Psychological * MeSH
- Internet * MeSH
- Cyberbullying psychology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Hate * MeSH
- Crime Victims psychology MeSH
- Problem Behavior MeSH
- Self Report MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Germany MeSH
Online hatred based on attributes, such as origin, race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation, has become a rising public concern across the world. Past research on aggressive behavior suggests strong associations between victimization and perpetration and that toxic online disinhibition and sex might influence this relationship. However, no study investigated both the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration and the potential moderation effects of toxic online disinhibition on this relationship. To this end, the present study was conducted. The sample consists of 1,480 7th to 10th graders from Germany. Results revealed positive associations between online hate victimization and perpetration. Furthermore, the results support the idea that toxic online disinhibition and sex, by way of moderator effects, affect the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration. Victims of online hate reported more online hate perpetration when they reported higher levels of online disinhibition and less frequent online hate perpetration when they reported lower levels of toxic online disinhibition. Additionally, the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration was significantly greater among boys than among girls. Taken together, our results extend previous findings to online hate involvement among adolescents and substantiate the importance to conduct more research on online hate. In addition, our findings highlight the need for prevention and intervention programs that help adolescents deal with the emerging issue of online hate.
- MeSH
- Aggression MeSH
- Inhibition, Psychological * MeSH
- Internet MeSH
- Cyberbullying psychology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Hate * MeSH
- Crime Victims psychology MeSH
- Sexual Behavior psychology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Germany MeSH
Hatred directed at members of groups due to their origin, race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation is not new, but it has taken on a new dimension in the online world. To date, very little is known about online hate among adolescents. It is also unknown how online disinhibition might influence the association between being bystanders and being perpetrators of online hate. Thus, the present study focused on examining the associations among being bystanders of online hate, being perpetrators of online hate, and the moderating role of toxic online disinhibition in the relationship between being bystanders and perpetrators of online hate. In total, 1480 students aged between 12 and 17 years old were included in this study. Results revealed positive associations between being online hate bystanders and perpetrators, regardless of whether adolescents had or had not been victims of online hate themselves. The results also showed an association between toxic online disinhibition and online hate perpetration. Further, toxic online disinhibition moderated the relationship between being bystanders of online hate and being perpetrators of online hate. Implications for prevention programs and future research are discussed.
- MeSH
- Communication * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Hate * MeSH
- Online Systems statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Problem Behavior psychology MeSH
- Students psychology statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Germany MeSH
- MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Persons with Psychiatric Disorders psychology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Men psychology MeSH
- Hate * MeSH
- Countertransference * MeSH
- Psychoanalytic Interpretation MeSH
- Psychoanalytic Therapy * MeSH
- Psychotic Disorders psychology MeSH
- Anxiety psychology MeSH
- Physician-Patient Relations MeSH
- Mother-Child Relations psychology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
Cieľ: Článok sa zameriava na popis výsledkov výskumu orientovaného na výskyt rodových stereotypov a sexizmu u psychoterapeutov/tiek, poradcov/kýň. Materiál a metóda: Výskum bol realizovaný na vzorke 101 terapeutov/tiek a poradcov/kýň. Ako metóda bol použitý dotazník pozostávajúci zo sexistických postojov a predsudkov, ktorý vychádza z modelu ambivalentného sexizmu autorov Glicka a Fiskeovej vo vzťahu k ženám a mužom, ktorý bol základným teoretickým a metodologickým konceptom (dotazníky AMI a ASI) tejto práce. Výsledky: Napriek tomu, že vo väčšine prípadov respondenti/tky výskumu nesúhlasili so sexistickými postojmi, do určitej miery sa potvrdil predpoklad, že v skupine terapeutov/tiek sa vyskytujú takí, ktorí majú pomerne silné sexistické predsudky. Vo väčšej miere sa tiež vyskytoval súhlas najmä s rodovo stereotypnými postojmi. Záver: Výskumné zistenia majú prispieť k tomu, aby sa problematike rodových stereotypov v poradenstve/psychoterapii venovala väčšia pozornosť vo vzdelávaní a tréningoch.
Objective: The article focuses on the results of research devoted to the occurrence of gender stereotypes and sexism among psychotherapists and counselors. Participants and methods: Research was conducted on a sample of 101 therapists' and counselors. As a method was used questionnaire consisting of sexist attitudes and prejudices that is based on ambivalent sexism model authors Click and Fiske which is the fundamental theoretical and methodological approach (AMI and ASI questionnaires) of this research. Results: In most cases, respondents in research disagreed with sexist attitudes, but to some extent the results confirmed the assumption that in a group of therapists there are also those, who have relatively strong sexist prejudices in relation to both women and men. In a greater extend the agreement with of particular gender stereotyped attitudes has also occurred. Conclusion: These findings prove the idea that there is a necessity to pay more attention to the issue of gender stereotyping in counseling/psychotherapy and in education and training of psychologists.
- MeSH
- Behavioral Research MeSH
- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms ethics MeSH
- Beneficence MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Gender Identity MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Hate MeSH
- Prejudice MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires standards utilization MeSH
- Models, Psychological MeSH
- Psychotherapy ethics methods manpower MeSH
- Sexuality history ethnology psychology MeSH
- Sex Counseling ethics methods manpower MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia MeSH
- MeSH
- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms MeSH
- Depression MeSH
- Interpersonal Relations MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Violence MeSH
- Hate MeSH
- Hostility MeSH
- Boredom MeSH
- Workplace psychology legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Stress, Psychological MeSH
- Psychology, Industrial methods manpower legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Fear MeSH
- Anxiety MeSH
- Guilt MeSH
- Anger MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
