Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are the principal vectors of Leishmania spp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) worldwide. The subgenus Adlerius is taxonomically challenging and currently comprises about 20 species with a wide geographic distribution from eastern Asia to southeastern Europe. Some species are confirmed or suspected vectors of Leishmania donovani/infantum, L. major, and L. tropica, and are thus of high medical and veterinary relevance. A single record of Phlebotomus (Adlerius) simici in Austria from 2018 marks its sporadic northernmost and westernmost occurrence, with the origin of its appearance remaining unclear. To better understand Adlerius diversification and particularly post-glacial spread of Ph. simici to northern parts of Europe, we combined phylogenetic analyses with climatic suitability modelling. Divergence time estimates well supported the currently observed geographic distribution of the studied species and revealed several taxonomic challenges in the subgenus. We clearly delineated three distinct genetic and geographic Ph. simici lineages and phylogeographically assessed diversification that were well supported by climatic models. This study provides a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the subgenus Adlerius, enhancing our understanding of the diversification in relation to changing climate of this understudied group, and we present new insights into the post-glacial spread of Ph. simici, a suspected vector of L. infantum.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• fylogeografie * MeSH
• hmyz - vektory genetika   klasifikace   MeSH
• Phlebotomus * klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• podnebí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

BACKGROUND: Population health is vital to a nation's overall well-being and development. To achieve sustainable human development, a reduction in health inequalities and an increase in interstate convergence in health indicators is necessary. Evaluation of the convergence patterns can aid the government in monitoring the health progress across the Indian states. This study investigates the progressive changes in the convergence and divergence patterns in health status across major states of India from 1990 to 2018. METHODS: Sigma plots (σ), kernel density plots, and log t-test methods are used to test the convergence, divergence, and club convergence patterns in the health indicators at the state level. RESULTS: The result of the sigma convergence suggests that life expectancy at birth has converged across all states. After 2006, however, the infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, and total fertility rate experienced a divergence pattern. The study's findings indicate that life expectancy at birth converges in the same direction across all states, falling into the same club (Club One). However, considerable cross-state variations and evidence of clubs' convergence and divergence are observed in the domains of infant mortality rate, neonatal death rate, and total fertility rate. As suggested by the kernel density estimates, life expectancy at birth stratifies, polarizes, and becomes unimodal over time, although with a single stable state. A bimodal distribution was found for infant, neonatal, and total fertility rates. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, healthcare strategies must consider each club's transition path while focusing on divergence states to reduce health variations and improve health outcomes for each group of individuals.

• MeSH
• hodnocení výsledků zdravotní péče MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojenecká mortalita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• naděje dožití * MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• porodnost MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Myxozoa is a group of endoparasitic cnidarians covering almost 2600 species but merely 53 species, mostly from the genus Chloromyxum, have been reported from sharks, rays, and skates (Elasmobranchii). Elasmobranchs play a key role in the study of evolutionary trajectories of myxozoans as they represent ancestral vertebrate hosts. Our study provides new data on Chloromyxum spp. from 57 elasmobranchs, covering 20 species from geographical regions and host groups not previously investigated, such as Lamniformes and Hexanchiformes, the most basal phylogenetic shark lineage. In total, 28% of elasmobranchs were infected with Chloromyxum spp., indicating high diversity. Of the seven distinguished species, six are formally described based on morphological, morphometric, and genetic (18S rDNA) data. Comprehensive co-phylogenetic analyses and ancestral state reconstruction revealed that parasite and host phylogenies are clearly correlated, resulting in a distinct phylogenetic separation of chloromyxids from selachid (shark) vs. batoid (ray and skate) hosts. Species infecting the most ancient elasmobranchs formed a sublineage, branching off in the middle of the Chloromyxum sensu stricto clade. Our findings indicate that chloromyxids likely invaded an ancestral elasmobranch prior the time of divergence of shark and batoid lineages. Our analyses did not show a clear phylogeographic pattern of Chloromyxum parasites, probably due to the cosmopolitan distribution and migratory behaviour of many elasmobranch hosts, but geographical sampling must be extended to confirm or refute this observation. This study provides a complex view on species diversity, phylogeny, evolution, host-parasite co-phylogeny, and the phylogeographic origin of Chloromyxum species from elasmobranchs. Our results highlight the importance of adding missing data from previously un- or undersampled geographical regions and host species which results in a more accurate estimate of myxozoan biodiversity and a better understanding of the evolution of this parasite group in their hosts and in the different oceans of our planet.

• MeSH
• Elasmobranchii * genetika   parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Myxozoa * genetika   MeSH
• paraziti * MeSH
• ryby parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Termites are major decomposers in terrestrial ecosystems and the second most diverse lineage of social insects. The Kalotermitidae form the second-largest termite family and are distributed across tropical and subtropical ecosystems, where they typically live in small colonies confined to single wood items inhabited by individuals with no foraging abilities. How the Kalotermitidae have acquired their global distribution patterns remains unresolved. Similarly, it is unclear whether foraging is ancestral to Kalotermitidae or was secondarily acquired in a few species. These questions can be addressed in a phylogenetic framework. We inferred time-calibrated phylogenetic trees of Kalotermitidae using mitochondrial genomes of ∼120 species, about 27% of kalotermitid diversity, including representatives of 21 of the 23 kalotermitid genera. Our mitochondrial genome phylogenetic trees were corroborated by phylogenies inferred from nuclear ultraconserved elements derived from a subset of 28 species. We found that extant kalotermitids shared a common ancestor 84 Ma (75-93 Ma 95% highest posterior density), indicating that a few disjunctions among early-diverging kalotermitid lineages may predate Gondwana breakup. However, most of the ∼40 disjunctions among biogeographic realms were dated at <50 Ma, indicating that transoceanic dispersals, and more recently human-mediated dispersals, have been the major drivers of the global distribution of Kalotermitidae. Our phylogeny also revealed that the capacity to forage is often found in early-diverging kalotermitid lineages, implying the ancestors of Kalotermitidae were able to forage among multiple wood pieces. Our phylogenetic estimates provide a platform for critical taxonomic revision and future comparative analyses of Kalotermitidae.

• MeSH
• buněčné jádro MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom mitochondriální * MeSH
• Isoptera * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer screening programmes and uptake vary substantially across Europe. We aimed to compare changes over time in colorectal cancer incidence, mortality, and stage distribution in relation to colorectal cancer screening implementation in European countries. METHODS: Data from nearly 3·1 million patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed from 2000 onwards (up to 2016 for most countries) were obtained from 21 European countries, and were used to analyse changes over time in age-standardised colorectal cancer incidence and stage distribution. The WHO mortality database was used to analyse changes over time in age-standardised colorectal cancer mortality over the same period for the 16 countries with nationwide data. Incidence rates were calculated for all sites of the colon and rectum combined, as well as the subsites proximal colon, distal colon, and rectum. Average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in incidence and mortality were estimated and relevant patterns were descriptively analysed. FINDINGS: In countries with long-standing programmes of screening colonoscopy and faecal tests (ie, Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany), colorectal cancer incidence decreased substantially over time, with AAPCs ranging from -2·5% (95% CI -2·8 to -2·2) to -1·6% (-2·0 to -1·2) in men and from -2·4% (-2·7 to -2·1) to -1·3% (-1·7 to -0·9) in women. In countries where screening programmes were implemented during the study period, age-standardised colorectal cancer incidence either remained stable or increased up to the year screening was implemented. AAPCs for these countries ranged from -0·2% (95% CI -1·4 to 1·0) to 1·5% (1·1 to 1·8) in men and from -0·5% (-1·7 to 0·6) to 1·2% (0·8 to 1·5) in women. Where high screening coverage and uptake were rapidly achieved (ie, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Slovenia), age-standardised incidence rates initially increased but then subsequently decreased. Conversely, colorectal cancer incidence increased in most countries where no large-scale screening programmes were available (eg, Bulgaria, Estonia, Norway, and Ukraine), with AAPCs ranging from 0·3% (95% CI 0·1 to 0·5) to 1·9% (1·2 to 2·6) in men and from 0·6% (0·4 to 0·8) to 1·1% (0·8 to 1·4) in women. The largest decreases in colorectal cancer mortality were seen in countries with long-standing screening programmes. INTERPRETATION: We observed divergent trends in colorectal cancer incidence, mortality, and stage distribution across European countries, which appear to be largely explained by different levels of colorectal cancer screening implementation. FUNDING: German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kolorektální nádory epidemiologie   mortalita   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• registrace MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• věkové rozložení MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Genetic patterns of lichenized fungi often display a mosaic-like and difficult to interpret structure blurring their evolutionary history. The genetic diversity and phylogeographic pattern of a mycobiont of the predominantly Mediterranean dwelling lichen Solenopsora candicans were investigated on the base of extensive sampling (361 individuals, 77 populations) across its entire distribution range. We tested whether the genetic pattern of S. candicans mirrors paleoclimatic and paleogeological events in the Mediterranean and adjacent regions. The divergence time estimates indicated a Tertiary origin for S. candicans, with formation of intraspecific diversity initiated in the Late Miocene. The distribution of the most divergent haplotypes, mostly of a pre-Pleistocene origin, was restricted to the eastern or western extremities of the Mediterranean exhibiting Kiermack disjunction. The population genetic diversity analyses indicated multiple diversity centres and refugia for S. candicans across the entire Mediterranean Basin. While the south Mediterranean regions harboured both the Tertiary and Quaternary born diversity, conforming to the 'cumulative refugia' paradigm, the Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas in the north hosted mostly younger Pleistocene haplotypes and lineages. The recent population expansion of S. candicans might have occurred in the middle Pleistocene with a population burst in the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas. The presence of unique haplotypes in Central Europe indicates the existence of extra-Mediterranean microrefugia. This study presents the first comprehensive lichen phylogeography from the Mediterranean region and simultaneously reports for the first time the glacial survival of a warm-adapted lichen in the temperate zone.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fylogeografie MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• lišejníky klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• refugium MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Balkánský poloostrov MeSH
• Středomoří MeSH

Western Southeast Asia is hosting one of the world's most diverse faunas, and one of the reasons for this huge diversity is the complex geologic past of the area, increasing the frequency of isolation and expansion events over evolutionary time scale. As an example case, the present study reveals the phylogeny and biogeographic history of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans species complex, small benthic freshwater fish (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) that are commonly occurring across western Southeast Asia (from central Myanmar through western and southern Thailand to northern Malaysia). The group is particularly interesting since it occurs in three biogeographic subdivisions (Indian, Indochinese, Malay/Sundaic) and across all of the major biogeographic barriers in the region. Basing on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data of 93 samples from about 50 localities we found six major clades, most with exclusive geographic distribution. Divergence time dated the origin of the P. zonalternans species complex to early Miocene (17.8 MYA) and a biogeographic analysis identified the Tenasserim region as the ancestral region. From this region the fish spread during periods of lowered global sea level, particularly during late Miocene (11-8 MYA) northwards into all Burmese river basins and southwards into south Thailand and northern Malaysia. Besides lowered global sea level periods, local stream capture events allowed the complex to expand, e.g. into the Mae Klong basin. Strong fragmentations during periods with elevated sea level during the Pliocene and Pleistocene repeatedly restricted populations to refuges and shaped the observed major lineages. Our results document a higher diversity within the P. zonalternans species complex than formerly believed and a strong impact of global sea level on its evolutionary history. Low sea levels promoted dispersal and elevated sea levels fragmentation events. A very similar impact of sea level changes can be expected in all stationary fauna (freshwater and terrestrial) in all non-mountainous coastal regions worldwide.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fylogeografie * MeSH
• máloostní fyziologie   MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• mořská voda * MeSH
• sladká voda * MeSH
• společenstvo * MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• jihovýchodní Asie MeSH

Cieľom štúdie je overiť reliabilitu, konvergentnú a divergentnú validitu Pamäťového testu pre bilingválnu detskú populáciu s materinským jazykom maďarským (PTB). Štruktúra PTB a jeho administrácia vychádza z Pamäťového testu učenia, nie je však jeho prekladom. Obsahová validita testu bola overená expertmi. Výskumný súbor tvorilo 224 respondentov, 118 dievčat a 106 chlapcov s priemerným vekom 11,84 (SD = 1,93). Každý respondent bol testovaný individuálne nasledujúcimi výskumnými metódami: PTB, Re produkcia bezvýznamných slov (RBS) a Wechslerova inteligenčná škála (WISC IV). Reliabilita PTB vyjadrená koreláciou paralelných foriem testu je 0,79, hodnota Cronbachovej alphy je 0,7–0,77. Korelácia výkonu v PTB a RBS odrážajúca konvergentnú validitu je slabá až stredne silná. Medzi indexmi verbálneho porozumenia a pracovnej pamäti z WISC IV a PTB sa potvrdila iba veľmi slabá až slabá korelácia, poukazujúca na divergentnú validitu PTB. Reliabilita testu je dostatočná, kým konvergentná a divergentná validita čaká na opätovné overenie. Výsledky práce môžu tvoriť východiskový bod pre doplňujúce psychometrické postupy.

Objective: Despite the broad scientific interest in bilingual advantage/disadvantage in the domain of cognitive and executive functions, little attention is paid to the actual language of applied psychodiagnostic tools. However, the performance of bilingual clients may be lessened by the absence of match between their first language and the language of the psychological questionnaire. When bilinguals take verbal working memory tests in their second language, the operation of phonological loop is paired with language code switching, making the performance more difficult. In Slovakia, an estimated 9% of the population claim Hungarian to be their first language; however, adequate psychodiagnostic tools are not available for their psychological evaluation. The aim of the present study was to prepare a Memory test for bilingual children with Hungarian as their first language (PTB) and to verify its reliability, convergent and divergent validity.Methods: The PTB resembles the Auditory Verbal Learning test (Pamäťový test učenia) as it consists of 15 words for memorizing (set A) and 15 words for interference as well as 15 words for retest (set B). One has to memorize and recall set A for five times after it is read out by the administrator, then memorize and recall the words for inference (after being read out) and for the sixth time recall the words from set A without them being read out. Finally, after 30 minutes, one has to recall once again the words from set A without them being previously read out. The PTB is not a translated form of the Auditory Verbal Learning test. It consists of new, updated words frequently used by Slovak citizens with Hungarian as their first language in a specific geographical region. The content validity of the PTB was verified by experts. The research group comprised 224 respondents, 118 girls and 106 boys, with the average age of 11,84 (SD = 1,93). Each respondent was tested individually by the following research methods: the PTB, reproduction of meaningless words, and the Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC IV) in Hungarian. The reproduc tion of meaningless words requires the activity of phonological loop, being active also during memory tasks similar to the PTB. For this reason, a comparison of results obtained by these two methods can clarify the convergent validity of the PTB. While declaring discri minant validity we compared the achievement in the PTB with the verbal comprehension index and the working memory index from WISC IV. According to the factor analysis, verbal subtests such as similarities, vocabulary, information and digit span loaded a different factor from The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test that is very similar to the PTB.Results: The reliability of the PTB as a correlation between the two forms of tests is 0,79 (p=0,01), Cronbach’s alpha for set A is 0,7, while it is 0,77 for set B. Also, weak to moderate positive correlations (0,21–0,44; p=0,01) were found between the PTB and the reproduction of meaningless words; weak positive correlations were found between the PTB and the verbal comprehension index (0,06–0,18; p=0,01) and the working memory index (0,08 0,29; p=0,01).Discussion and conclusion: The obtained results of reliability are comparable to the reliability of The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (0,6–0,77) and are considered sufficient. The rates of the other reliability indicators are acceptable; however, they are little lower than those obtained during The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. The rate of correlation between the PTB and the reproduction of meaningless words indicating conver gent validity is acceptable as a significant difference being detected between the memorizing capacity and the accuracy of meaningful and meaningless words. Lack of correlation between the PTB and the verbal comprehension index is in line with the factor analysis of Ryan, Rosenberg and Mittenberg (1984), and thus ratifies the discriminant validity of the PTB. The weak correlation between the PTB and the working memory index may be unexpected as both measure hypothetically the same domains. However, in a spectre of research results, the ability of memorizing a digit span may differ from the ability of memorizing verbal spans. Indicators of reliability, convergent and divergent validity of the PTB are sufficient but further reassessment is needed.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psychometrie MeSH
• testy paměti a učení * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

Termites are the principal decomposers in tropical and subtropical ecosystems around the world. Time-calibrated molecular phylogenies show that some lineages of Neoisoptera diversified during the Oligocene and Miocene, and acquired their pantropical distribution through transoceanic dispersal events, probably by rafting in wood. In this paper, we intend to resolve the historical biogeography of one of the earliest branching lineages of Neoisoptera, the Rhinotermitinae. We used the mitochondrial genomes of 27 species of Rhinotermitinae to build two robust time-calibrated phylogenetic trees that we used to reconstruct the ancestral distribution of the group. Our analyses support the monophyly of Rhinotermitinae and all genera of Rhinotermitinae. Our molecular clock trees provided time estimations that diverged by up to 15.6 million years depending on whether or not 3rd codon positions were included. Rhinotermitinae arose 50.4-64.6 Ma (41.7-74.5 Ma 95% HPD). We detected four disjunctions among biogeographic realms, the earliest of which occurred 41.0-56.6 Ma (33.0-65.8 Ma 95% HPD), and the latest of which occurred 20.3-34.2 Ma (15.9-40.4 Ma 95% HPD). These results show that the Rhinotermitinae acquired their distribution through a combination of transoceanic dispersals and dispersals across land bridges.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fylogeografie * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genom mitochondriální MeSH
• švábi klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The Crassulaceae is an important family in the Greater Cape Floristic Region of southern Africa and is the seventh largest family in the arid Succulent Karoo Biome. After the Aizoaceae it is the largest group of leaf-succulents in southern Africa. This is the first investigation of a broad selection (68%) of the ±170 species of Crassula. We used data from three chloroplast and two nuclear gene-regions, which yielded many informative characters and provided good resolution among the species. We show that only five of the 20 sections in Crassula are monophyletic. However, the clades recovered show close correlation with the two subgenera that were once recognized. Crassula contains more than 25 succulent annual species which are not closely related to each other but form early-diverging branches in each of the three major clades. One of these major clades contains far more perennial species than the others and is the greatest diversification within Crassula. This diversification mostly arose within the last 10 million years (my) and spread across much of southern Africa. Members of the smaller two major clades are often soft- and flat-leaved perennials (many with basic chromosome number x = 8, with high levels of polyploidy). Those in the largest diversification (where a basic chromosome number of x = 7 predominates) show other arid-adaptations (more highly succulent leaves with a dense covering of hairs or papillae or a smooth xeromorphic epidermis). Their flowers are also more variable in shape and bee-, moth- and butterfly-pollinated species are known among them. We establish that Crassula arose in the Greater Cape Floristic Region of southern Africa. While much of its diversity has evolved in the last 10 my, Crassula nevertheless contains species that are much older and itself arose ±46 my ago. Since all its species are succulent it is possible that they are part of an early arid-adapted flora that contributed to the Succulent Karoo Biome in the western part of southern Africa. Consequently this Biome may not be assembled only from 'young lineages' as is usually thought to be the case.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chloroplasty genetika   MeSH
• Crassulaceae fyziologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• pouštní klima * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• jižní Afrika MeSH