PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of acute, pre-exercise, hydrogen rich water (HRW) ingestion on running time to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners. METHODS: Twenty-four, male runners aged 17.5 ± 1.8 years, with body mass index = 21.0 ± 1.3 kg⋅m-2, and maximal oxygen uptake = 55.0 ± 4.6 ml⋅kg-1⋅min-1 (mean ± standard deviation) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. All runners ingested 1260 ml of HRW which was divided into four doses and taken at 120 min (420 ml), 60 min (420 ml), 30 min (210 ml), and 10 min (210 ml) prior to exercise. The running protocol consisted of three phases: warm-up performed at 10 km⋅h-1 for 3 min, followed by a transition phase performed at an individually determined speed (10 km⋅h-1 + maximal aerobic speed)/2 for 1 min, and finally the third phase performed at individual maximal aerobic speed until exhaustion. Time to exhaustion, cardiorespiratory variables, and post-exercise blood lactate concentration were measured. RESULTS: When running to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed, compared with placebo, HRW had no significant effects on the following variables: time to exhaustion (217 ± 49 and 227 ± 53 s, p = 0.20), post-exercise blood lactate concentration (9.9 ± 2.2 and 10.1 ± 2.0 mmol⋅L-1, p = 0.42), maximal heart rate (186 ± 9 and 186 ± 9 beats⋅min-1, p = 0.80), and oxygen uptake (53.1 ± 4.5 and 52.2 ± 4.7 ml⋅kg-1⋅min-1, p = 0.33). No variable assessed as a candidate moderator was significantly correlated with time to exhaustion (Spearman's correlation coefficients ranged from -0.28 to 0.30, all p ≥ 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-exercise administration of 1260 ml of HRW showed no ergogenic effect on running performance to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners.
- MeSH
- Double-Blind Method MeSH
- Physical Endurance * MeSH
- Cross-Over Studies MeSH
- Lactic Acid MeSH
- Oxygen pharmacology MeSH
- Track and Field * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Drinking MeSH
- Oxygen Consumption MeSH
- Hydrogen pharmacology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH
Background: The aim of the present randomized, crossover study was to determine the physiological and cognitive function responses while wearing a facemask during a maximal running aerobic fitness test. Methods: Fourteen healthy, nonsmoking physical education students (age = 17.5 years, height = 1.72 m, body mass = 70.4 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. They carried out a 20 m multistage fitness test (MSFT) while wearing or not a cloth facemask on two separate occasions performed in random order. The "Rating of Perceived Exertion" (RPE) and the d2 test for visual attention were administered and assessed before and immediately after the MSFT for both conditions (with or without a facemask). Results: When wearing the facemask, the participants exhibited lower maximal aerobic speed (p = 0.039), VO2max (p = 0.039), distance covered during the MSFT (p = 0.057), and concentration performance (p < 0.001), when compared with the control situation (without facemask). Moreover, they made more errors compared with the control condition (p = 0.021). The use of a cloth facemask during maximal endurance running tests (such as the MSFT) reduced VO2max, and measures of cognitive performance as assessed by the test of focused visual attention (the d2 test). This data suggests avoiding using a cloth facemask during maximal aerobic fitness tests, and before any tasks that require a high level of visual attention.
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
AIM: In multiple sprint sports the ability to perform repeated short duration bouts of maximal intensity exercise appears to be sport specific than the ability to perform prolonged continuous exercise or produce a single bout of exercise. However, previous studies have not verified a field test method with an appropriate intermittent anaerobic exercise pattern. The purpose of this study was to establish the reliability and validity of the Intermittent Anaerobic Running Test (IAnRT) primarily developed for soccer players. METHODS: Twenty-nine trained male adolescent soccer players performed two separate 20 m sprints and the IAnRT on an indoor running track in each of two testing sessions separated by one recovery day. The IAnRT consisted of 10 20-m sprints with 20-s recovery periods between the sprints. RESULTS: The mean running speed (Vm) and the speed at the beginning and the end of the IAnRT (V1+2, V9+10) confirmed good reliability. The relative mean speed index was the preferred indicator for assessing the ability to maintain short duration running performance during the intermittent exercise mode. Using confirmatory factor analysis the running performance of IAnRT was best explained by one general factor and one subfactor which consequently joined the general one from the 6th sprint (P=0.03, Bentler's d=0.99, RMSR=0.03). CONCLUSION: The IAnRT provided reliable and valid performance indices, which reflect the maximal anaerobic running power and capacity for repeated running sprints.
- MeSH
- Anaerobic Threshold physiology MeSH
- Running physiology MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Soccer physiology MeSH
- Risk Assessment MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Reproducibility of Results MeSH
- Oxygen Consumption physiology MeSH
- Exercise Tolerance physiology MeSH
- Fatigue physiopathology MeSH
- Exercise Test MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
BACKGROUND: A triathlon is a multi-sport endurance event where a change of locomotion, especially a change from biking to running, affects coordination and running efficiency. However, information about how the change of locomotion influences foot load is missing. Thus the aim of this study was to determine if the plantar pressure distribution during running changes as a consequence of change of locomotion after biking part of a triathlon race. METHODS: 10 competitive triathletes (8 male and 2 female) at age 22-46 years underwent competition simulated laboratory test which included 10min of running, 50min of cycling and 10min of running at intensities corresponding to their racing speeds. Plantar pressure at 5 segments of the foot (hindfoot, midfoot, medial forefoot, lateral forefoot, and toes) were detected during running before and after the cycling using Pedar-X Novel tensometric system. RESULTS: Maximal pressure values within entire plantar area after cycling were not significantly different. However, maximal pressure values in medial and lateral forefoot were significantly higher (p<0.05) on both feet. The maximal pressure measured on hindfoot after cycling was also higher, although, the increase was significant only on left foot (p<0.05 left, p<0.15 right). Contrary, the maximal pressure measured after cycling on toes was significantly lower on both feet (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results indicate a shift of footload from toes dorsally to forefoot and hindfoot during running as a consequence of fatigue resulting from previous intensive cycling. Although the results of this study revealed a significant change in plantar pressure distribution in triathletes after the bike-run transition, further research is needed to determine the effect of cycling on foot loading during running.
- Keywords
- Pedar-X systém, tenzometrie, oporová fáze běhu,
- MeSH
- Running MeSH
- Biomechanical Phenomena MeSH
- Bicycling MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Foot MeSH
- Swimming MeSH
- Movement physiology MeSH
- Sports MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Muscle Strength Dynamometer utilization MeSH
- Body Weight MeSH
- Pressure MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
The objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) whether there were morning-to-evening differences in short-term maximal performance and 2) the impact of prolonged and specific warm-up on short-term maximal performance diurnal variations in young basketball players. Fifteen basketball players of both sexes (Male = 8; Female = 7; age: 14.4 ± 0.46 yr; weight: 64.7 ± 7.1 kg; height: 175.2 ± 6.6 cm; BMI: 21.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2) completed the following short-term maximal performance tests: CMJ with and without arm swing, Lane Agility Drill, Zig-Zag agility test with and without the ball, Sprint 20 m with and without the ball with the passage at 5 and 10 m. All tests were performed after the 15-min standard warm-up procedure (with static stretching) and/or 25-min specific warm-up (with prolonged running and dynamic stretching) in the morning and evening. Vertical jumping tests and all change-of-direction speed tests (with and without a ball) with superior responses were achieved in the evening after standard warm-up among all participants (p < 0.05). In contrast, superior short-term maximal performance was observed in the morning after prolonged and specific warm-up protocol (p < 0.05). It was concluded that specific and prolonged warm-up protocols are suitable strategy to prevent diurnal variation in short-term maximal performance in young basketball players.
- MeSH
- Basketball * physiology MeSH
- Running * physiology MeSH
- Circadian Rhythm MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Athletic Performance * physiology MeSH
- Muscle Stretching Exercises * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Background: Over the past thirty years, there has been dramatic increase in incidence of Achilles tendon rupture in the athletic population. The purpose of this study was to compare the lower extremity mechanics of Achilles tendon ruptured runners with healthy controls. Methods: The participants with a past history of an Achilles tendon repair (n = 11) and healthy control (n = 11) subgroups were matched on sex, age, type of regular physical activity, mass, height, footfall pattern and lateral dominancy. Running kinetics and kinematics of the ankle, knee and hip were recorded using a high-speed motion capture system interfaced with a force platform. Achilles tendon length was measured using ultrasonography. Main outcome measures were lower extremity joint angles and moments during stance phase of running and Achilles tendon lengths. Results: Athletes from Achilles tendon group had an affected gastro-soleus complex. Athletes with history of Achilles tendon rupture had reduced ankle range of motion during second half of the stance phase of running (Δ7.6°), an overextended knee during initial contact (Δ5.2°) and increased affected knee range of motion (Δ4.4°) during the first half of stance phase on their affected limb compared to the healthy control group. There was a 22% increase in the maximal hip joint moment on contralateral side of the Achilles tendon group compared to the healthy controls. Conclusion: These results suggest a compensation mechanism, relatively extended knee at initial ground contact against the deficit in the muscle-tendon complex of the triceps surae. Overextension during sporting activities may place the knee at risk for further injury. Avoidance of AT lengthening and plantarflexion strength deficit after surgery and during rehabilitation might help to manage AT rupture since these factors may be responsible for altered running kinematics.
- MeSH
- Achilles Tendon diagnostic imaging injuries physiopathology MeSH
- Running physiology MeSH
- Biomechanical Phenomena physiology MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Ankle Joint physiology MeSH
- Outcome Assessment, Health Care MeSH
- Incidence MeSH
- Knee Joint physiology MeSH
- Muscle, Skeletal physiopathology MeSH
- Hip Joint physiology MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Tendon Injuries complications epidemiology rehabilitation MeSH
- Range of Motion, Articular physiology MeSH
- Rupture physiopathology surgery MeSH
- Athletes statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Ultrasonography MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
Introduction: Sprinting is a key component in the development and final results in many individual and team sports. According to recent findings on the mechanical determinants of sprint performance, resistance sprinting (RSS) may be a suitable method to improve sprint performance in the acceleration and maximum velocity phases. Methods: Sports science students (183.6 ± 5.1 cm; 85.8 ± 6.8 kg; 24.5 ± .9 yrs), who are primarily involved in collective sports, performed two-day testing. The first testing included tests of maximal strength, isometric mid-tight pull (IMTP) and explosive lower limb strength, countermovement jump with no arm movement (CMJ). The second testing was completed 48 hours later and included unresisted sprint (URS) and resisted sprint (RSS) over 20 m with three different resistances (8 oz, 12 oz, 2 lb). Results: A significant correlation was found between CMJ and speed tests (URS, RSS 8 oz, RSS 12 oz). The same applied for the relationship with IMTP and speed tests, with only one difference being that IMTP correlated also with RSS 2 lb (r = -0.58). However, observing the relationship of velocity decrease (Vdec) and performance parameters, showed the highest correlation between Vdec 8 oz and URS 20 m (r = -0.572), and also between Vdec 12 oz and CMJ (r = -0.370). At Vdec 2 lb, of all the performance parameters, IMTP (r = -0.260) was the only one which correlated. Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrate a relationship between CMJ and IMTP with unresisted sprint. Also between maximal strength test, IMTP and heavy resisted sprint.
Cieľom výskumu bolo overiť účinnosť dvoch odlišných typov silového tréningu. Všeobecného zameraného na rozvoj svalovej topografie a kombinovaného - maximálne silového a plyometrického tréningu na zmeny všeobecných a špeciálnych rýchlostno-silových schopností 12-tich mladých hráčov ľadového hokeja. Išlo o jednoskupinový postupný kvázi-experiment v trvaní 8 týždňov s frekvenciou podnetov 2 krát týždenne v troch sériách cvičení. Prvé 4 týždne absolvovali mladý hokejisti základný silový tréning zameraný na topografiu všeobecnými prostriedkami (6 – 8 cvičení, 3 série, 70% - 80% 1 RM s počtom opakovaní 8 – 10). Druhé 4 týždne bol silový tréning kombinovaný a pozostával s maximálne silových metód (2-4 opakovania s 85-95% 1RM) a následnou aplikáciou plyometrických cvičení v 6-10 opakovaniach v jednej tréningovej jednotke. Sledovali sme zmeny parametrov pohybovej výkonnosti v špecifických a v nešpecifických podmienkach. Výsledky preukázali nasledovné zmeny: Vo vertikálnom výskoku bez protipohybu (SJ) sme zaznamenali po období kombinovaného tréningu (EX2) zlepšenie z 33,3 ± 2,89cm na 34,35 ± 2,80cm čo je nárast o 1,05 cm (3,2%; p<0,01); vo výskoku s protipohybom (CMJ) nastalo zlepšenie z 36,51 ± 4,39cm na 37,84 ± 4,36cm o 1,33 cm, čiže o 3,6% (p<0,01). V období rozvoja všeobecnej svalovej topografie (EX1) nastal v parametri vertikálny výskok bez protipohybu (SJ) tiež významný nárast z 32,48 ± 3,65sm na 33,3 ± 2,89 cm (p<0,05). Anaeróbny alaktátový výkon (AAV) bol pozitívne ovplyvnený obidvomi experimentálnymi podnetmi. V EX1 z 42,09 ± 4,48 W.kg-1 na 42,72 ± 4,61 W. kg-1 (p<0,01) a neskôr v EX2 na 43,78 ± 4,44 W.kg-1 (p<0,01). V testoch odrazových schopností zložitejšieho charakteru sme takisto zaregistrovali pozitívne zmeny, čo sa prejavilo zlepšením výkonov v obidvoch obdobiach. V skoku do diaľky z miesta (SZM) v EX1 období z 246,25 ± 11,07cm na 249,17 ± 10,32cm (p<0,01) a následne na 253,58 ± 9,83cm v EX2 (p<0,01). V trojskoku (3SK), teste na rýchlosť so zmenami smeru (10x5) a v testoch na ľade boli významné prírastky iba v období kombinovaného tréningu (EX2). V teste 3SK z 722,42 ± 29,58cm na 727,50 ± 30,64cm; v teste 10x5m z 17,00 ± 0,57s na 16,90 ± 0,57 s (p<0,01); v teste korčuliarskej rýchlosti (1x36m) z 4,95 ± 0,10s na 4,88 ± 0,09s o 1,4% (p<0,01); v teste korčuliarskej rýchlosti so zemami smeru (6x9m) z13,73 ± 0,48s na 13,63 ± 0,51s o 0,8% (p<0,05); v teste korčuliarskej vytrvalosti v rýchlosti (Okr) z 14,79 ± 0,18s na 14,67 ± 0,20s o 0,8% (p<0,05). V parametroch testu špeciálnych zručností - rýchlosti s vedením puku (Sla) nenastali významné zmeny ani v jednom období. Záverom môžeme konštatovať, že kombinovaný tréning (maximálna sila a plyometria) mal v porovnaní s tréningom všeobecnej sily viac pozitívny vplyv na rozvoj rýchlostno-silových schopností mladých hráčov ľadového hokeja, ktorý sa prejavil aj v špecifických podmienkach hodnotenia pohybovej výkonnosti na ľa
Purpose of this study was to compare effects of general strength training with combined maximal strength and plyometrics training. Twelve young ice hockey players were examined and intervened 4-week general strength training (EX1) at first and consequently 4-week, combined training (EX2). Combined training consisted of maximal strength workouts with 2-4 repetitions on 85-95% 1RM and subsequent application of plyometrics workouts with 6-10 repetitions. The training group performed 2 sessions per a week in 3 sets of exercises. The measurements were assessed before, between and after periods and consisted of specific test performed on ice and non-specific tests off ice. The results showed that in EX2 period SJ improved from 33,3 ± 2,89 cm to 34,35 ± 2,80 cm by 1,05 cm (3,2%; p<0,01); CMJ from 36,51 ± 4,39 cm to 37,84 ± 4,36 cm by 1,33 cm (3,6%; p<0,01). Also in EX1 period SJ was changed from 32,48 ± 3,65 cm to 33,3 ± 2,89 cm (p<0,05). Anaerobic alactic power (AAV) changed significantly in EX1 period from 42,09 ± 4,48 W.kg-1 to 42,72 ± 4,61 W.kg-1 (p<0,01) afterwards in EX2 period to 43,78 ± 4,44 W.kg-1 (p<0,01). In jumping performances we measured in both periods significant improvements; standing long jump (SZM) in EX1 period from 246,25 ± 11,07 cm to 249,17 ± 10,32 cm (p<0,01) then in the end of EX2 period 253,58 ± 9,83 cm (p<0,01). Standing triple jump (3SK), agility run (10x5) and all specific test on ice were significant changes recorded only in EX2 period. 3SK from 722,42 ± 29,58 cm to 727,50 ± 30,64 cm; 10x5m from 17,00 ± 0,57 s to16,90 ± 0,57 s (p<0,01); on ice speed tests (1x36m) from 4,95 ± 0,10 s to 4,88 ± 0,09 s by 1,4% (p<0,01); (6x9m) from 13,73 ± 0,48 s to 13,63 ± 0,51 s by 0,8% (p<0,05); in speed endurance ice hockey skating test (Okr) form 14,79 ± 0,18 s to 14,67 ± 0,20 s o 0,8% (p<0,05). Skills ice hockey test parameters (Sla) did not changed significantly in EX1 neither in EX2 period. It could be concluded that both periods had effect on motor performance enhancement, but EX2 training period was more sufficient for improvement in speed-strength abilities especially in specific condition on ice.
- MeSH
- Hockey * physiology education MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Motor Skills physiology classification MeSH
- Plyometric Exercise * statistics & numerical data utilization MeSH
- Muscle Strength physiology MeSH
- Physical Exertion physiology MeSH
- Physical Education and Training methods organization & administration trends MeSH
- Physical Fitness MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the physiological parameters indicative of cardiorespiratory fitness obtained during the 30-15 intermittent fitness (30-15IFT) test and the multistage laboratory treadmill endurance (TR) test differ. Nineteen elite handball players were recruited for the current study and assigned in a cross-over manner to one of two tests to be performed 48 h apart at each visit to the testing facility. The results showed that VO2max (percentage difference [PC] = 6.1%; p = 0.004) and maximal running velocity (V) (PC = 19.4%; p < 0.001) were significantly higher for the 30-15IFT test than that obtained during the TR test. Furthermore, the onset of blood lactate accumulation was shown to be significantly higher for all measures considered to predict it during 30-15IFT compared to TR as follows: VO2max (PC = 12.6%; p = 0.001), running speed (PC = 33.9%; p < 0.001), and maximal heart rate (PC = 7.5%; p < 0.001). The current study highlights the importance of sport-specific testing, particularly for measuring individual cardiorespiratory fitness in elite handball players, as TR may underestimate crucial variables used for both diagnostics and training prescription.
This study evaluates the anatomical profiles, jump, sprint, power outputs, endurance, and peak blood lactate levels ([LA]peak) of handball players of two age groups-U17 (n = 77) and U19 (n = 46)-and analyses the role of training in their physical abilities. Vertical jump performance was determined by counter movement jump (CMJ) and counter movement jump with free arms (CMJFA) tests. A running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) determined the relative power output (watts/kg body weight) and absolute power output (watts) of the players. Sprint performance over 5 m, 10 m, and 30 m distances was evaluated. An incremental shuttle run test (40 m) was designed to determine aerobic threshold (AeT), anaerobic threshold (AnT), and [LA]peak. All parameters were measured for pivots, wingers, backs, and goalkeepers of each group. The U19 players were significantly heavier than the U17 group, but both the groups were nearly equal in height. The U19 group jumped higher than the U17 members, although the only significant difference (p = 0.032) was observed between the wingers of the groups in CMJ. Sprint performance varied marginally between the groups and only U19 pivots were found to be significantly (for distances of 5, 10, and 30 m: p = 0.047, p = 0.018, and p = 0.021, respectively) faster than U17 pivots. No difference in relative power output between the groups was noted, although the U19 players recorded higher absolute power outputs. Maximal velocity and velocities at the AeT and AnT were almost similar in the groups. Distance covered by the groups at the intensities of AeT and AnT varied only little. Higher [LA]peak was observed in the U19 players. U19 players failed to convert their superior power into speed and jump. The training pattern of the handball players needs to be revised so that U19 players may develop faster and be more enduring than the U17 group.
- MeSH
- Anaerobic Threshold MeSH
- Basketball physiology MeSH
- Running physiology MeSH
- Physical Endurance physiology MeSH
- Lactic Acid blood MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Movement MeSH
- Schools MeSH
- Athletic Performance physiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
