Superoxide dismutases, both cytosolic Cu, Zn-SOD encoded by SOD1 and mitochondrial Mn-SOD encoded by SOD2, serve Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells for defense against the superoxide radical but the phenotypes of sod1A and sod2delta mutant strains are different. Compared with the parent strain and the sod1delta mutant, the sod2delta mutant shows a much more severe growth defect at elevated salt concentrations, which is partially rescued by 2 mmol/L glutathione. The growth of all three strains is reduced at 37 degrees C, the sod2delta showing the highest sensitivity, especially when cultured in air. Addition of 1 mmol/L glutathione to the medium restores aerobic growth of the sod1delta mutant but has only a minor effect on the growth of the sod2delta strain at 37 degrees C. The sod2delta strain is also sensitive to AsIIl and AsV and its sensitivity is much more pronounced under aerobic conditions. These results suggest that, unlike the Sodlp protein, whose major role is oxidative stress defense, Sod2p also plays a role in protecting S. cerevisiae cells against other stresses--high osmolarity, heat and metalloid stress.

• MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• fyziologický stres genetika   imunologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• osmotický tlak fyziologie   MeSH
• oxidační stres genetika   imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku imunologie   metabolismus   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa chemie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• volné radikály imunologie   metabolismus   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• vysoká teplota škodlivé účinky   MeSH

High metal contents in edible mushrooms growing in severely contaminated industrial areas pose an important toxicological risk. In the presented study, trace element (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ag, As, Se) contents were determined in caps and stipes of three different edible mushroom species (Boletus edulis Bull. Fr., Xerocomus badius Fr. Gilb., Xerocomus chrysenteron Bull. Quél.). Additionally, information about the chemical fractionation of metals in separate soil horizons and Pb isotopic data from soils and fruiting bodies allowed a more detailed insight on the uptake mechanisms of metals by the studied mushroom species. Total metal and metalloid concentrations in the organic soil horizons reached 36234 mg Pb kg(-1); 11.9 mg Cd kg(-1); 519 mg Zn kg(-1); 488 mg Cu kg(-1); 25.1 mg Ag kg(-1); 120 mg As kg(-1) and 5.88 Se mg kg(-1). In order to evaluate the accumulation capacity of the studied species, bioconcentration factors (BCF) were calculated for separate trace elements. For selected metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu), a modified BCF calculation (using EDTA-extractable concentrations of metals in soil) was proposed. High contents of Pb (up to 165 mg kg(-1)) and Cd (up to 55 mg kg(-1)) exceeded all the regulatory limits in all the studied species. This was also the case for Se (up to 57 mg kg(-1)) in B. edulis. Intensive consumption of this species grown in such polluted areas can therefore pose toxicological risks for human health. A novel finding was that X. badius can act as an Ag accumulating species when grown at polluted sites due to the high concentrations of Ag (up to 190 mg kg(-1)) in caps. Pb isotopic data showed that Pb originating from the recent air pollution control residues is present mainly in the exchangeable/acid-extractable fraction of the organic horizons and is taken up by fruiting bodies; especially in the case of B. edulis, where fast Pb accumulation occurs. Due to the high species-dependent variations of metal contents, the studied mushrooms are not suitable as bioindicators of environmental pollution.

• MeSH
• Agaricales metabolismus   MeSH
• arsen analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• hutnictví MeSH
• izotopy MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• kovy analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• stromy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi contribute to the survival of host trees on metal-rich soils by reducing the transfer of toxic metals into roots. However, little is known about the ability of ECM fungi to accumulate elements in ectomycorrhizae (ECMs). Here we report Ag, As, Cd, Cl, Cu, Sb, V, and Zn contents in wild-grown Norway spruce ECMs collected in a smelter-polluted area at Lhota near Příbram, Czech Republic. The ECMs data were compared with the element concentrations determined in the corresponding non-mycorrhizal fine roots, soils, and soil extracts. Bioaccumulation factors were calculated to differentiate the element accumulation ability of ECMs inhabited by different mycobionts, which were identified by ITS rDNA sequencing. Among the target elements, the highest contents were observed for Ag, Cl, Cd, and Zn; Imleria badia ECMs showed the highest capability to accumulate these elements. ECMs of Amanita muscaria, but not of other species, accumulated V. The analysis of the proportions of I. badia and A. muscaria mycelia in ECMs by using species-specific quantitative real-time PCR revealed variable extent of the colonization of roots, with median values close to 5% (w/w). Calculated Ag, Cd, Zn and Cl concentrations in the mycelium of I. badia ECMs were 1 680, 1 510, 2 670, and 37,100 mg kg(-1) dry weight, respectively, indicating substantial element accumulation capacity of hyphae of this species in ECMs. Our data strengthen the idea of an active role of ECM fungi in soil-fungal-plant interactions in polluted environments.

• MeSH
• chlor metabolismus   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus   MeSH
• mycelium metabolismus   MeSH
• mykorhiza metabolismus   MeSH
• polokovy metabolismus   MeSH
• těžké kovy metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inorganic elemental composition (49 elements) of 29 botanical preparations obtained from fruits, leaves, peels, seeds, roots, fungi, and spirulina by using inductively coupled-mass spectrometry and a mercury analyzer. Simultaneously, the risk associated with the chronic dietary exposure to 12 toxic metals and metalloids among the European population was evaluated by using a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulations. The analysis revealed worrying intake levels of Al, As, and Ni, primarily stemming from the consumption of spirulina-, peel-, and leaf-based botanicals by younger age groups. The intake of As from all analyzed botanicals posed a significant risk for infants, yielding margins of exposure (MOEs) below 1, while those deriving from peel-based botanicals raised concerns across all age groups (MOEs = 0.04-2.3). The consumption of peel-based botanicals contributed substantially (13-130%) also to the tolerable daily intake of Ni for infants, toddlers, and children, while that of spirulina-based botanicals raised concerns related to Al intake also among adults, contributing to 11-176% of the tolerable weekly intake of this element. The findings achieved underscore the importance of implementing a monitoring framework to address chemical contamination of botanicals, thus ensuring their safety for regular consumers.

• MeSH
• dietární expozice * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kontaminace potravin * analýza   MeSH
• kovy analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metoda Monte Carlo MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• polokovy * analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• rostlinné přípravky chemie   analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Natural ferric ochres that precipitate in streambeds at abandoned mining sites are natural scavengers of various metals and metalloids. Thus, their chemical and structural modification via microbial activity should be considered in evaluation of the risks emerging from probable spread of contamination at mining sites. Our results highlight the role of various aspergilli strains in this process via production of acidic metabolites that affect mobility and bioavailability of coprecipitated contaminants. The Mössbauer analysis revealed subtle structural changes of iron in ochres, while the elemental analysis of non-dissolved residues of ochres that were exposed to filamentous fungi suggest coinciding bioextraction of arsenic and antimony with extensive iron mobilisation. However, the zinc bioextraction by filamentous fungi is less likely dependent on iron leaching from ferric ochres. The strain specific bioextraction efficiency and subsequent bioaccumulation of mobilised metals resulted in distinct tolerance responses among the studied soil fungal strains. However, regardless the burden of bioextracted metal(loid)s on its activity, the Aspergillus niger strain has shown remarkable capability to decrease pH of its environment and, thus, bioextract significant and environmentally relevant amounts of potentially toxic elements from the natural ochres.

• MeSH
• antimon MeSH
• arsen * analýza   MeSH
• Aspergillus MeSH
• hornictví MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * analýza   MeSH
• polokovy * analýza   MeSH
• těžké kovy * analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• kongresy jako téma MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• polokovy MeSH
• těžké kovy MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodní články MeSH
• zprávy MeSH

Today, it is proven that the contaminated urban soils are hazardous for the human health. Soil substrates of playgrounds call for special research as they are places where children are directly exposed to soil contaminants. Therefore, the objective of this work was to measure the pseudo-total contents and bioaccessibility of several metals and metalloids (As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, V, Zn) in two grain sizes (< 150 μm and < 50 μm) of playground soils in Bratislava city (the capital of Slovakia). The content of metal(loid)s in the soils was controlled by a number of factors, with their increased contents (above 75% percentile or higher) at sites influenced by point sources of pollution (industry and agriculture) or at old sites located in the city centre. Cobalt, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and V had relatively uniform contents in soils compared to the other elements. As regression modelling with a categorical variable confirmed, the age of urban areas influenced the accumulation of As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb and Sn in playground soils. Exploratory statistical techniques with compositionally transformed data (principal component analysis, cluster analysis and construction of symmetric coordinates for correlation analysis) divided trace elements into the two main groupings, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, V and Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn. Median concentrations of the elements in smaller soil grains (< 50 μm) were significantly higher than in coarser grains (< 150 μm). Cobalt, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sn and Zn had significantly higher bioaccessible proportions (% of the pseudo-total content) in < 50 μm soil size than in < 150 μm; however, the same order of bioaccessibility was achieved in both grain sizes. The highest bioaccessibility had Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn (~ 40% and more), followed by Co, As, Mn, Sb (18-27%), Hg, Ni, Sn (10-12%) and finally Cr, Fe and V (less than 4%). The hazard index and carcinogenic risk values were higher in < 50 μm than in < 150 μm and significantly decreased in the two soil sizes when the bioaccessibility results were included in the health hazard calculation.

• MeSH
• biologická dostupnost MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• karcinogeny analýza   MeSH
• kovy analýza   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• polokovy analýza   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• stopové prvky analýza   farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• veřejné parky MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH

• MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   MeSH
• polokovy analýza   MeSH
• prach analýza   MeSH
• přechodné kovy analýza   MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• zprávy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

• Konspekt
• Životní prostředí a jeho ochrana
• NLK Obory
• environmentální vědy

• MeSH
• chrom MeSH
• environmentální zdraví MeSH
• kobalt MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mangan MeSH
• měď MeSH
• nikl MeSH
• polokovy MeSH
• průmysl MeSH
• selen MeSH
• sloučeniny chromu MeSH
• sloučeniny manganu MeSH
• těžké kovy metabolismus   normy   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• vanad MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
• zinek MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• kovy toxicita   MeSH
• mateřské mléko analýza   MeSH
• testy funkce placenty MeSH