non-biomolecules Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Basics -- Chemistry -- Periodic table . 2 -- Bonds 4 -- Molecular structure 6 -- Isomerism 8 -- Biomolecules 1 . 10 -- Biomolecules II 12 -- Chemical reactions 14 -- Physical Chemistry -- Energetics 16 -- Equilibriums a solvent . 26 -- Hydrophobic interactions . 28 -- Acids and bases 30 -- Redox processes 32 -- Biomolecules Steroids: overview 56 -- Amino Acids -- Chemistry and properties 58 -- Proteinogenic amino acids . 60 -- Non-proteinogenic fats and phospholipids . 411 Biosynthesis of the essential -- amino acids . 412 -- Biosynthesis of the non-essential
Basic sciences Flexibook
2nd ed., rev. and enl X, 467 s. : il. ; 18 cm
Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of ubiquitous proteins, whose role is still discussed in numerous papers, but their affinity to some metal ions is undisputable. These cysteine-rich proteins are connected with antioxidant activity and protective effects on biomolecules against free radicals, especially reactive oxygen species. In this review, the connection between zinc(II) ions, reactive oxygen species, heavy metal ions and metallothioneins is demonstrated with respect to effect of these proteins on cell proliferation and a possible negative role in resistance to heavy metal-based and non-heavy metal-based drugs.
- MeSH
- apoptóza MeSH
- chemorezistence MeSH
- glutathion metabolismus MeSH
- kadmium metabolismus MeSH
- kovy metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metalothionein chemie metabolismus MeSH
- molekulární modely MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- nádory farmakoterapie MeSH
- proliferace buněk MeSH
- protinádorové látky farmakologie MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- volné radikály metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Bioorthogonal chemistry provides one of the possibilities to modify various biomolecules in their native environment. The combination of Click chemistry with the BONCAT method (bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging) is widely used for tagging and analysis of newly synthesized proteins, which are clearly distinguishable from the pre-existing protein pool. However, the commonly used procedure results in low quality 2D electrophoretic profiles. We put a lot of effort into obtaining clear results using a standard Click protocol, with a negligible effect. Here we describe a Click-on-membrane approach which we successfully used not only to monitor de novo protein synthesis but also to detect newly synthesized RNA.
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common causes of death among gynecological malignancies. Molecular changes occurring in the primary tumor lead to metastatic spread into the peritoneum and the formation of distant metastases. Identification of these changes helps to reveal the nature of metastases development and decipher early biomarkers of prognosis and disease progression. Comparing differences in gene expression profiles between primary tumors and metastases, together with disclosing their epigenetic regulation, provides interesting associations with progression and metastasizing. Regulatory elements from the non-coding RNA families such as microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs seem to participate in these processes and represent potential molecular biomarkers of patient prognosis. Progress in therapy individualization and its proper targeting also rely upon a better understanding of interactions among the above-listed factors. This review aims to summarize currently available findings of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs linked with tumor progression and metastatic process in ovarian cancer. These biomolecules provide promising tools for monitoring the patient's response to treatment, and further they serve as potential therapeutic targets of this deadly disease.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
In recent years, microsensor technologies have made a rapid expansion into different fields of physical sciences, engineering, and biomedicine. For analyses of various biomolecules, novel sensors and detection platforms in the electrochemical field have been reported recently. The most important applications based on microelectromechanical systems dramatically reduce the need of manipulation steps with samples, while improving data quality and quantitative capabilities. This is also the case of a special class of electrochemical sensors that allow direct, real-time and non-invasive measurements of nitric oxide, whose determination is crucial for the purposes of basic research, as well as of preclinical and clinical studies. Therefore, this minireview will focus on the description of recent discoveries in the electrochemical determination of nitric oxide, released in different in vitro systems.
- MeSH
- buňky metabolismus MeSH
- elektrochemické techniky přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- elektrody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oxid dusnatý metabolismus MeSH
- uhlík chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The nucleus of higher eukaryotes contains a number of structures that concentrate specific biomolecules and play distinct roles in nuclear metabolism. In recent years, the molecular mechanisms controlling their formation have been intensively studied. In this brief review, I focus on coilin and Cajal bodies. Coilin is a key scaffolding protein of Cajal bodies that is evolutionarily conserved in metazoans. Cajal bodies are thought to be one of the archetypal nuclear structures involved in the metabolism of several short non-coding nuclear RNAs. Yet surprisingly little is known about the structure and function of coilin, and a comprehensive model to explain the origin of Cajal bodies is also lacking. Here, I summarize recent results on Cajal bodies and coilin and discuss them in the context of the last three decades of research in this field.
- MeSH
- buněčné jádro * MeSH
- Cajalova tělíska * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Močové extracelulární vezikuly (uEVs) představují slibný nástroj pro neinvazivní diagnostiku a monitorování onemocnění ledvin. Tyto vezikuly, secernované buňkami ledvin, obsahují biomolekuly odrážející stav mateřských buněk. Výzkum se zaměřuje na využití uEVs jako biomarkerů pro chronická onemocnění ledvin, akutní poškození ledvin, diabetickou nefropatii a monitorování po transplantaci ledvin. Kromě diagnostického potenciálu jsou uEVs zkoumány pro terapeutické aplikace v regeneraci ledvinové tkáně. Přes výzvy v standardizaci izolačních a analytických metod uEVs, pokrok ve vývoji metod charakterizace uEVs podporuje jejich klinické využití.
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) represent a promising tool for non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of kidney disease. These vesicles, secreted by kidney cells, contain biomolecules reflecting the status of the parent cells. Research focuses on using uEVs as biomarkers for chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy and monitoring kidney transplantation. In addition to diagnostic potential, uEVs are being investigated for therapeutic applications in kidney tissue regeneration. Despite challenges in standardizing uEVs isolation and analysis methods, progress in the development of uEVs characterization methods supports their clinical use.
- Klíčová slova
- močové extracelulární vezikuly,
- MeSH
- biologické markery * analýza MeSH
- COP-vezikuly fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci ledvin * diagnóza patofyziologie MeSH
- urogenitální systém anatomie a histologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Biomolecular simulations are routinely used in biochemistry and molecular biology research; however, they often fail to match expectations of their impact on pharmaceutical and biotech industry. This is caused by the fact that a vast amount of computer time is required to simulate short episodes from the life of biomolecules. Several approaches have been developed to overcome this obstacle, including application of massively parallel and special purpose computers or non-conventional hardware. Methodological approaches are represented by coarse-grained models and enhanced sampling techniques. These techniques can show how the studied system behaves in long time-scales on the basis of relatively short simulations. This review presents an overview of new simulation approaches, the theory behind enhanced sampling methods and success stories of their applications with a direct impact on biotechnology or drug design.
Werner's Complex, as a cationic coordination complex (CCC), has hitherto unappreciated biological properties derived from its binding affinity to highly anionic biomolecules such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and nucleic acids. Competitive inhibitor and spectroscopic assays confirm the high affinity to GAGs heparin, heparan sulfate (HS), and its pentasaccharide mimetic Fondaparinux (FPX). Functional consequences of this affinity include inhibition of FPX cleavage by bacterial heparinase and mammalian heparanase enzymes with inhibition of cellular invasion and migration. Werner's Complex is a very efficient condensing agent for DNA and tRNA. In proof-of-principle for translational implications, it is demonstrated to display antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) at micromolar concentrations with promising selectivity. Exploitation of non-covalent hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interactions has motivated the unprecedented discovery of these properties, opening new avenues of research for this iconic compound.
- MeSH
- antivirové látky chemie farmakologie MeSH
- Cytomegalovirus účinky léků MeSH
- fondaparinux antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- glykosaminoglykany chemie farmakologie MeSH
- komplexní sloučeniny chemie farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
Ankyrin repeat proteins (ARPs) appear to be abundant in organisms from all phyla, and play critical regulatory roles, mediating specific interactions with target biomolecules and thus ordering the sequence of events in diverse cellular processes. ARPs possess a non-globular scaffold consisting of repeating motifs named ankyrin (ANK) repeats, which stack on each other. The modular architecture of ARPs provides a new paradigm for understanding protein stability and folding mechanisms. In the present study, the stability of various C-terminal fragments of the ARP p18(INK4c) was investigated by all-atomic 450 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in explicit water solvent. Only motifs with at least two ANK repeats made stable systems in the available timescale. All smaller fragments were unstable, readily losing their native fold and alpha-helical content. Since each non-terminal ANK repeat has two hydrophobic sides, we may hypothesize that at least one hydrophobic side must be fully covered and shielded from the water as a necessary, but not sufficient, condition to maintain ANK repeat stability. Consequently, at least two ANK repeats are required to make a stable ARP.
