Atmospheric pollution remains one of the growing concerns in the twenty-first century, with particular focus on metal trace elements (MTE) from anthropogenic sources, due to their adverse effects on biota. The concentration and type of MTE in the atmosphere and in the soil are diverse, depending on the origin of pollutants, which can cause diverse detrimental effects on organisms living in the nearby environment. Three sites in Central Serbia with different origins of MTE pollution (urban contamination, smelting, and fly ash area) were assessed, using terrestrial Roman snails (Helix pomatia) as biomarker organisms. These snails are sentinel organisms and are known for their capacities for accumulation of MTE. Snails were sampled and their body was divided in three parts: viscera, foot, and shell and concentrations of MTE were determined in each of these body parts using inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry. Results showed contrasting MTE accumulation patterns in body parts of the snails. Of three studied sites, snails sampled in the vicinity of fly ash containment had lower concentrations of MTE compared to other two polluted sites.
- Klíčová slova
- Bioaccumulation, Biomarker, Fly ash containment, Helix pomatia, ICP-OES, Smelting, Terrestrial snails, Urban pollution,
- MeSH
- Helix (hlemýždi) MeSH
- hlemýždi MeSH
- kovy analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * analýza MeSH
- popel uhelný analýza MeSH
- stopové prvky * analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Srbsko MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kovy MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
- stopové prvky * MeSH
Samples of fly ash, slag and boiler scale containing elevated amounts of uranium or lead (210Pb) from several coal-fired power stations in the Czech Republic were collected for an assessment of their dissolution parameters - the dissolution rates and their respective fractions in vitro. The dissolution data were fitted either by a biexponential model or by a triexponential model. The uranium 234U and 238U in the fly ash sample are classified as M-type. Similarly, type M could be attributed for most of the materials containing 210Pb. A complementary measurement of the activity concentrations of 210Pb in relation to the grain size confirmed that the radionuclide is deposited mainly in fine particles (<25 μm).
- Klíčová slova
- Boiler scale, Dissolution kinetics, Fly ash, Lead, Occupational exposure,
- MeSH
- elektrárny MeSH
- monitorování radiace * MeSH
- olovo MeSH
- plíce chemie MeSH
- popel uhelný analýza MeSH
- rozpustnost MeSH
- uhlí MeSH
- uran * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- olovo MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
- uhlí MeSH
- uran * MeSH
The laterite Ni ore smelting operations in Niquelândia and Barro Alto (Goiás State, Brazil) have produced large amounts of fine-grained smelting wastes, which have been stockpiled on dumps and in settling ponds. We investigated granulated slag dusts (n = 5) and fly ash samples (n = 4) with a special focus on their leaching behaviour in deionised water and on the in vitro bioaccessibility in a simulated gastric fluid, to assess the potential exposure risk for humans. Bulk chemical analyses indicated that both wastes contained significant amounts of contaminants: up to 2.6 wt% Ni, 7580 mg/kg Cr, and 508 mg/kg Co. In only one fly ash sample, after 24 h of leaching in deionised water, the concentrations of leached Ni exceeded the limit for hazardous waste according to EU legislation, whereas the other dusts were classified as inert wastes. Bioaccessible fractions (BAF) of the major contaminants (Ni, Co, and Cr) were quite low for the slag dusts and accounted for less than 2 % of total concentrations. In contrast, BAF values were significantly higher for fly ash materials, which reached 13 % for Ni and 19 % for Co. Daily intakes via oral exposure, calculated for an adult (70 kg, dust ingestion rate of 50 mg/day), exceeded neither the tolerable daily intake (TDI) nor the background exposure limits for all of the studied contaminants. Only if a higher ingestion rate is assumed (e.g. 100 mg dust per day for workers in the smelter), the TDI limit for Ni recently defined by European Food Safety Authority (196 µg/day) was exceeded (324 µg/day) for one fly ash sample. Our data indicate that there is only a limited risk to human health related to the ingestion of dust materials generated by laterite Ni ore smelting operations if appropriate safety measures are adopted at the waste disposal sites and within the smelter facility.
- Klíčová slova
- Bioaccessibility, Dust, Fly ash, Laterite, Ni smelting, Slag,
- MeSH
- anorganické látky aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- aplikace orální MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- chrom analýza MeSH
- hutnictví * MeSH
- kobalt analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nebezpečný odpad analýza MeSH
- nikl analýza MeSH
- odpadky - odstraňování metody MeSH
- popel uhelný analýza MeSH
- prach analýza MeSH
- průmyslový odpad MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * MeSH
- žaludeční šťáva MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Brazílie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- anorganické látky MeSH
- chrom MeSH
- kobalt MeSH
- nebezpečný odpad MeSH
- nikl MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
- prach MeSH
- průmyslový odpad MeSH
The contact assay measuring the inhibition of Arthrobacter globiformis dehydrogenase activity as an endpoint to evaluate the toxicity of solid samples was tested in an international ring-test to validate its performance for ISO standardization (ISO/CD 18187). This work reports the results of the ring-test involving 9 laboratories from six countries. At least 8 valid data sets were obtained for each sample and more than three quarters of the participants attained the validity criteria defined in the standard. The coefficient of variation within (CVr) and between (CVR) laboratories was generally on average <15% and <30% for negative and positive controls, respectively. Regarding solid samples, the laboratories provided a similar ranking of the samples based on their toxicity, despite some variation in the LOEC values. The logarithmic within-lab standard deviation <0.50 for soils and <0.25 for wastes evidenced a good repeatability. The between-lab variability assessed by a CVR <30%, minimum-maximum factor <4 and a reproducibility standard deviation (SDR) <0.13 for a great part of the solid samples, confirmed the test reproducibility. Overall, this assay proved to be robust, sensitive and feasible for routine use towards the quality assessment of soils and wastes.
- Klíčová slova
- Arthrobacter globiformis, Dehydrogenase activity, ISO 18187, Soils, Wastes,
- MeSH
- Arthrobacter enzymologie MeSH
- biotest * MeSH
- dřevo analýza MeSH
- geologické sedimenty analýza MeSH
- hornictví MeSH
- hydrolasy metabolismus MeSH
- laboratoře MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- popel uhelný analýza MeSH
- průmyslový odpad analýza MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- sklo analýza MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- hydrolasy MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
- průmyslový odpad MeSH
- těžké kovy MeSH
PURPOSE: The use of biomass fuels in incineration power plants is increasing worldwide. The produced ashes may pose a serious threat to the environment due to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), because some PAHs are potent carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens. The objective of this study was to investigate the content of total and individual PAHs in fly and bottom ash derived from incineration of phytomass and dendromass, because the data on PAH content in biomass ashes is limited. Various operating temperatures of incineration were examined and the relationship between total PAH content and unburned carbon in ashes was also considered. METHODS: The analysis of PAHs was carried out in fly and bottom ash samples collected from various biomass incineration plants. PAH determination was performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The correlations between the low, medium and high molecular weight PAHs and each other in ashes were conducted. The relationship between PAH content and unburned carbon, determined as a loss on ignition (L.O.I.) in biomass ashes, was performed using regression analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The PAH content in biomass ashes varied from 41.1±1.8 to 53,800.9±13,818.4ng/g dw. This variation may be explained by the differences in boiler operating conditions and biomass fuel composition. The correlation coefficients for PAHs in ash ranged from 0.8025 to 0.9790. The regression models were designed and the coefficients of determination varied from 0.908 to 0.980. CONCLUSIONS: The PAH content in ash varied widely with fuel type and the effect of operating temperature on PAH content in ash was evident. Fly ashes contained higher amounts of PAHs than bottom ashes. The low molecular weight PAHs prevailed in tested ashes. The exponential relationship between the PAH content and L.O.I. for fly ashes and the linear for bottom ashes was observed.
- Klíčová slova
- Ashes, Biomass combustion, Combustibles, Incineration temperature, PAHs,
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- elektrárny * MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza MeSH
- popel uhelný analýza MeSH
- spalování odpadů * MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- uhlík analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
- uhlík MeSH
Recently, fly ash deposits have been revealed as a secondary refuge of critically endangered arthropods specialised on aeolian sands in Central Europe. Simultaneously, these anthropogenic habitats are well known for their negative impact on human health and the surrounding environment. The overwhelming majority of these risks are caused by wind erosion, the substantial decreasing of which is thus necessary. But, any effects of anti-dust treatments on endangered arthropods have never been studied. We surveyed communities of five arthropod groups (wild bees and wasps, leafhoppers, spiders, hoverflies and orthopteroid insects) colonising three fly ash deposits in the western Czech Republic. We focused on two different anti-dust treatments (~70 and 100 % cover of fly ash by barren soil) and their comparison with a control of bare fly ash. Altogether, we recorded 495 species, including 132 nationally threatened species (eight of them were considered to be extinct in the country) and/or 30 species strictly specialised to drift sands. Bees and wasps and leafhoppers contained the overwhelming majority of species of the highest conservation interest; a few other important records were also in spiders and orthopteroids. Total soil cover depleted the unique environment of fly ash and thus destroyed the high conservation potential of the deposits. On the other hand, partial coverage (with ~30 % of bare fly ash) still offered habitats for many of the most threatened species, as we showed by both regression and multivariate analyses, with a decrease of wind erosion. This topic still needs much more research interest, but we consider mosaic-like preservation of smaller spots of fly ash as one of the possible compromises between biodiversity and human health.
- Klíčová slova
- Aculeata, Araneae, Auchenorrhyncha, Coal combustion, Human-made habitats, Orthoptera, Restoration ecology, Syrphidae,
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- členovci účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pevné částice chemie MeSH
- popel uhelný analýza MeSH
- prach * MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody MeSH
- zdraví * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- pevné částice MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
- prach * MeSH
- půda MeSH
The increased consumption of meat (including poultry) observed over the last decade has led to the intensification of its production. With the production increase, the amount of generated waste also increases. Appropriate disposal of waste from the meat industry will significantly reduce the amount of such waste and its negative impact on the environment. The paper presents a method for the thermal neutralisation of feathers, poultry litter and meat and bone meal (MBM). Waste incineration was carried out in a stationary electric furnace, at a temperature varying in the range of 600-900°C. The resulting ashes were characterised by a high percentage of phosphorus (30-170 g/kg ash), calcium (20-360 g/kg ash) and other valuable macro- and micronutrients like copper, iron, manganese and zinc. The ashes produced during the thermal treatment are safe in terms of sanitary and can be used as additives enriching the fertilisers and soil improvers.
- Klíčová slova
- Feathers, Meat–bone meal, Phosphorus, Poultry litter, Resource recovery,
- MeSH
- biologické přípravky chemie MeSH
- hnůj MeSH
- maso MeSH
- mikroživiny analýza MeSH
- minerály chemie MeSH
- peří chemie MeSH
- popel uhelný analýza MeSH
- průmysl zpracování potravin MeSH
- spalování odpadů metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biologické přípravky MeSH
- bone meal MeSH Prohlížeč
- hnůj MeSH
- mikroživiny MeSH
- minerály MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
Potential changes in the mobility and bioavailability of risk and essential macro- and micro-elements achieved by adding various ameliorative materials were evaluated in a model pot experiment. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was cultivated under controlled condition for 60 days in two soils, uncontaminated Chernozem and multi-element contaminated Fluvisol containing 4900 ± 200 mg/kg Zn, 35.4 ± 3.6 mg/kg Cd, and 3035 ± 26 mg/kg Pb. The treatments were all contained the same amount of sulfur and were as follows: (i) digestate from the anaerobic fermentation of biowaste, (ii) fly ash from wood chip combustion, and (iii) ammonium sulfate. Macro- and micro-nutrients Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, P, and S, and risk elements Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn were assayed in soil extracts with 0.11 mol/l solution of CH3COOH and in roots, shoots, and grain of wheat after 30 and 60 days of cultivation. Both digestate and fly ash increased levels of macro- and micro-nutrients as well as risk elements (especially Cd and Zn; the mobility of Pb decreased after 30 days of cultivation). The changes in element mobility in ammonium sulfate-treated soils appear to be due to both changes in soil pH level and inter-element interactions. Ammonium sulfate tended to be the most effective measure for increasing nutrient uptake by plants in Chernozem but with opposite pattern in Fluvisol. Changes in plant yield and element uptake in treated plants may have been associated with the higher proline content of wheat shoots cultivated in both soils compared to control. None of the treatments decreased uptake of risk elements by wheat plants in the extremely contaminated Fluvisol, and their accumulation in wheat grains significantly exceeded maximum permissible levels; these treatments cannot be used to enable cereal and other crop production in such soils. However, the combination of increased plant growth alongside unchanged element content in plant biomass in pots treated with digestate and fly ash suggests that these treatments have a beneficial impact on yield and may be effective treatments in crops grown for phytoremediation.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- nutriční nároky MeSH
- oxidační stres MeSH
- popel uhelný analýza chemie MeSH
- prolin metabolismus MeSH
- pšenice růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
- prolin MeSH
- půda MeSH
Properties of the waste treatment residual fly ash generated from municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash were investigated in this study. Six different mortar blends with the addition of the municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash were evaluated. The Portland cement replacement levels of the municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash used were 25%, 30% and 50%. Both, raw and washed municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash samples were examined. According to the mineralogical composition measurements, a 22.6% increase in the pozzolanic/hydraulic properties was observed for the washed municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash sample. The maximum replacement level of 25% for the washed municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash in mortar blends was established in order to preserve the compressive strength properties. Moreover, the leaching characteristics of the crushed mortar blend was analysed in order to examine the immobilisation of its hazardous contents.
- Klíčová slova
- Municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash, Portland cement, biotoxicity, compressive strength, leaching properties, mortar, pozzolanic/hydraulic properties,
- MeSH
- konstrukční materiály analýza MeSH
- nakládání s odpady metody MeSH
- popel uhelný analýza MeSH
- spalování odpadů MeSH
- tuhý odpad analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- popel uhelný MeSH
- tuhý odpad MeSH
Soils in the vicinity of nonferrous metal smelters are often highly polluted by inorganic contaminants released from particulate emissions. We used a technique with double polyamide experimental bags (1-μm mesh) to study the in situ transformation of fly ash (FA) from a secondary Pb smelter in acidic soil profiles. Between 62 and 66% of the FA dissolved after one year's exposure in the soils, leading to complete dissolution of primary caracolite (Na(3)Pb(2)(SO(4))(3)Cl) and KPb(2)Cl(5), with formation of secondary anglesite (PbSO(4)), minor PbSO(3), and trace carbonates. Release of Pb was pH-dependent, whereas not for Cd and Zn. Significant amounts of metals (mainly Cd and Zn) partitioned into labile soil fractions. The field data agreed with laboratory pH-static leaching tests performed on FA, which was washed before the experiment to remove soluble salts. This indicates that appropriate laboratory leaching can accurately predict FA behavior in real-life scenarios (e.g., exposure in soil).
- MeSH
- hutnictví * MeSH
- kadmium analýza MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza chemie MeSH
- olovo chemie MeSH
- popel uhelný analýza chemie MeSH
- půda * MeSH
- stromy MeSH
- zinek analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kadmium MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
- olovo MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
- půda * MeSH
- zinek MeSH
