The imidazolinone group of herbicides generally work for controlling weeds by limiting the synthesis of the aceto-hydroxy-acid enzyme, which is linked to the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids in plant cells. The herbicide imazethapyr is from the class and the active ingredient of this herbicide is the same as other herbicides Contour, Hammer, Overtop, Passport, Pivot, Pursuit, Pursuit Plus, and Resolve. It is commonly used for controlling weeds in soybeans, alfalfa hay, corn, rice, peanuts, etc. Generally, the herbicide imazethapyr is safe and non-toxic for target crops and environmentally friendly when it is used at low concentration levels. Even though crops are extremely susceptible to herbicide treatment at the seedling stage, there have been no observations of its higher dose on lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) at that stage. The current study reports the consequence of imazethapyr treatment on phenolic acid and flavonoid contents along with the antioxidant activity of the phenolic extract. Imazethapyr treatment significantly increased the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), phenol oxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST), in lentil seedlings at doses of 0 RFD, 0.5 RFD, 1 RFD, 1.25 RFD, 1.5 RFD, and 2 RFD. Application of imazethapyr resulted in the 3.2 to 26.31 and 4.57-27.85% increase in mean phenolic acid and flavonoid content, respectively, over control. However, the consequent fold increase in mean antioxidant activity under 2, 2- diphenylpicrylhdrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay system was in the range of 1.17-1.85 and 1.47-2.03%. Mean PAL and POD activities increased by 1.63 to 3.66 and 1.71 to 3.35-fold, respectively, in agreement with the rise in phenolic compounds, indicating that these enzyme's activities were modulated in response to herbicide treatment. Following herbicide treatments, the mean thiol content also increased significantly in corroboration with the enhancement in GR activity in a dose-dependent approach. A similar increase in GST activity was also observed with increasing herbicide dose.

• Klíčová slova
• Antioxidants, Herbicide, Imazethapyr, Lentil, Phenolic acid, Seedlings,
• MeSH
• antioxidancia MeSH
• čočka * MeSH
• fenol MeSH
• fenoly MeSH
• flavonoidy MeSH
• glutathion MeSH
• herbicidy * farmakologie   MeSH
• semenáček MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• fenol MeSH
• fenoly MeSH
• flavonoidy MeSH
• glutathion MeSH
• herbicidy * MeSH
• imazethapyr MeSH Prohlížeč
• phenolic acid MeSH Prohlížeč

Experimental spinach plants grown in soil with (5, 10 and 20 ppm) arsenic (As) contamination were sampled in 21 days after As(V) contamination. Levels of As in spinach samples (from 0.31 ± 0.06 µg g-1 to 302.69 ± 11.83 µg g-1) were higher in roots and lower in leaves, which indicates a low ability of spinach to translocate As into leaves. Species of arsenic, As(III) and As(V), were represented in favor of the As (III) specie in contaminated variants, suggesting enzymatic arsenate reduction. In relation to predominant As accumulation in roots, changes in malondialdehyde levels were observed mainly in roots, where they decreased significantly with growing As contamination (from 11.97 ± 0.54 µg g-1 in control to 2.35 ± 0.43 µg g-1 in 20 ppm As). Higher values in roots than in leaves were observed in the case of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Despite that, a change in 5-mC by As contamination was further deepened in leaves (from 0.20 to 14.10%). In roots of spinach, expression of the CDC25 gene increased by the highest As contamination compared to the control. In the case of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total phenolic acids content and total antioxidant capacity were higher levels in leaves in all values, unlike the roots.

• Klíčová slova
• CDC25, arsenic species, epigenetics, membrane damage, secondary metabolites, spinach,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Fresh fruit and vegetables are highly utilized commodities by health-conscious consumers and represent a prominent segment in the functional and nutritional food sector. However, food processing is causing significant loss of nutritional components, and the generation of waste is creating serious economic and environmental problems. Fruit and vegetables encompass husk, peels, pods, pomace, seeds, and stems, which are usually discarded, despite being known to contain potentially beneficial compounds, such as carotenoids, dietary fibers, enzymes, and polyphenols. The emerging interest in the food industry in the nutritional and biofunctional constituents of polyphenols has prompted the utilization of fruit and vegetable waste for developing enriched and functional foods, with applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the utilization of waste for developing diverse and crucial bioactive commodities is a fundamental step in sustainable development. Furthermore, it provides evidence regarding the applicability of fruit and vegetable waste in different food formulations especially bakery, jam, and meat based products.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The structural integrity, elasticity, and fluidity of lipid membranes are critical for cellular activities such as communication between cells, exocytosis, and endocytosis. Unsaturated lipids, the main components of biological membranes, are particularly susceptible to the oxidative attack of reactive oxygen species. The peroxidation of unsaturated lipids, in our case 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), induces the structural reorganization of the membrane. We have employed a multi-technique approach to analyze typical properties of lipid bilayers, i.e., roughness, thickness, elasticity, and fluidity. We compared the alteration of the membrane properties upon initiated lipid peroxidation and examined the ability of flavonols, namely quercetin (QUE), myricetin (MCE), and myricitrin (MCI) at different molar fractions, to inhibit this change. Using Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), we identified various carbonyl products and examined the extent of the reaction. From Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Force Spectroscopy (FS), Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) experiments, we concluded that the membranes with inserted flavonols exhibit resistance against the structural changes induced by the oxidative attack, which is a finding with multiple biological implications. Our approach reveals the interplay between the flavonol molecular structure and the crucial membrane properties under oxidative attack and provides insight into the pathophysiology of cellular oxidative injury.

• Klíčová slova
• bilayer thickness, elasticity, flavonols, fluidity, lipid peroxidation, myricetin, myricitrin, quercetin,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cyanidin and its O-glycosides have many important physiological functions in plants and beneficial effects on human health. Their biological activity is not entirely clear and depends on the structure of the molecule, in particular, on the number and type of sugar substituents. Therefore, in this study the detailed structure-activity relationship (SARs) of the anthocyanins/anthocyanidins in relation to their interactions with lipid bilayer was determined. On the basis of their antioxidant activity and the changes induced by them in size and Zeta potential of lipid vesicles, and mobility and order of lipid acyl chains, the impact of the number and type of sugar substituents on the biological activity of the compounds was evaluated. The obtained results have shown, that 3-O-glycosylation changes the interaction of cyanidin with lipid bilayer entirely. The 3-O-glycosides containing a monosaccharide induces greater changes in physical properties of the lipid membrane than those containing disaccharides. The presence of additional sugar significantly reduces glycoside interaction with model lipid membrane. Furthermore, O-glycosylation alters the ability of cyanidin to scavenge free radicals. This alteration depends on the type of free radicals and the sensitivity of the method used for their determination.

• Klíčová slova
• anthocyanin, fluorescence dyes, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, membrane fluidity, phospholipid membrane, structure-activity relationships,
• MeSH
• anthokyaniny metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfatidylcholiny metabolismus   MeSH
• glykosylace MeSH
• peroxid vodíku metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine MeSH Prohlížeč
• anthokyaniny MeSH
• cyanidin MeSH Prohlížeč
• fosfatidylcholiny MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH

Natural flavonoids, especially in their glycosylated forms, are the most abundant phenolic compounds found in plants, fruit, and vegetables. They exhibit a large variety of beneficial physiological effects, which makes them generally interesting in a broad spectrum of scientific areas. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the modifications of the glycosidic parts of various flavonoids employing glycosidases, covering both selective trimming of the sugar moieties and glycosylation of flavonoid aglycones by natural and mutant glycosidases. Glycosylation of flavonoids strongly enhances their water solubility and thus increases their bioavailability. Antioxidant and most biological activities are usually less pronounced in glycosides, but some specific bioactivities are enhanced. The presence of l-rhamnose (6-deoxy-α-l-mannopyranose) in rhamnosides, rutinosides (rutin, hesperidin) and neohesperidosides (naringin) plays an important role in properties of flavonoid glycosides, which can be considered as "pro-drugs". The natural hydrolytic activity of glycosidases is widely employed in biotechnological deglycosylation processes producing respective aglycones or partially deglycosylated flavonoids. Moreover, deglycosylation is quite commonly used in the food industry aiming at the improvement of sensoric properties of beverages such as debittering of citrus juices or enhancement of wine aromas. Therefore, natural and mutant glycosidases are excellent tools for modifications of flavonoid glycosides.

• Klíčová slova
• catechin, enzymatic hydrolysis, hesperetin, icariin, naringenin, puerarin, quercetin, rhamnosidase, rutinosidase, transglycosylation,
• MeSH
• flavonoidy metabolismus   MeSH
• glykosidhydrolasy metabolismus   MeSH
• isoflavony metabolismus   MeSH
• katechin metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• quercetin metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• flavonoidy MeSH
• glykosidhydrolasy MeSH
• isoflavony MeSH
• katechin MeSH
• puerarin MeSH Prohlížeč
• quercetin MeSH

CONTEXT: Coleonema album (Thunb) Bart. & H. L. Wendl (Rutaceae) has been used in the formulation of skincare products, and the Khoisan people rub it on their skin to add luster. Coleonema pulchellum I. Williams has received less attention in the South African traditional medicine. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the antifungal and antioxidant activities of C. album and C. pulchellum essential oil (EO) and leaf extracts; and analyzes the chemical components of their EOs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antifungal activity of leaf extracts was determined using the microdilution method with griseofulvin and ketoconazole as controls. Antifungal capacity of EO was investigated using the 'Volatile release plate method'. Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 28188) and T. mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533) mycelia (0.3 cm diameter) were placed on fresh yeast malt agar in Petri dishes with filter paper (impregnated with 20 μL of EO) on the lid for direct exposure to EO volatiles while plates without EO were used as controls. The incubation time was seven days. Antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts were determined. RESULTS: Methanol leaf extract of C. pulchellum inhibited the growth of three fungi tested with MIC values of 195, 391 and 49 μg/mL for Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum, respectively. Terpenes formed the major components of the EO. The EO from both plants inhibited the growth of T. rubrum in vitro. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study revealed the therapeutic value of C. pulchellum. Coleonema album and C. pulchellum should be considered as potential plants for skin ointment from natural origin.

• Klíčová slova
• Atopic dermatitis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum,
• MeSH
• antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• antioxidancia aplikace a dávkování   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• dermatologické látky aplikace a dávkování   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• kožní nemoci * farmakoterapie   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• listy rostlin MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty aplikace a dávkování   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Rutaceae * MeSH
• Trichophyton účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antifungální látky MeSH
• antioxidancia MeSH
• dermatologické látky MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH

A series of isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside) esters with mono- or dicarboxylic acids was designed to modulate hydro- and lipophilicity and biological properties. Esterification of isoquercitrin was accomplished by direct chemoenzymatic reaction using Novozym 435 (lipase from Candida antarctica), which accepted C₅- to C12-dicarboxylic acids; the shorter ones, such as oxalic (C₂), malonic (C₃), succinic (C₄) and maleic (C₄) acids were not substrates of the lipase. Lipophilicity of monocarboxylic acid derivatives, measured as log P, increased with the chain length. Esters with glutaric and adipic acids exhibited hydrophilicity, and the dodecanedioic acid hemiester was more lipophilic. All derivatives were less able to reduce Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (FCR) and scavenge DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) than isoquercitrin; ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical-scavenging activity was comparable. Dodecanoate and palmitate were the least active in FCR and ABTS scavenging; dodecanoate and hemiglutarate were the strongest DPPH scavengers. In contrast, most derivatives were much better inhibitors of microsomal lipoperoxidation than isoquercitrin; butyrate and hexanoate were the most efficient. Anti-lipoperoxidant activity of monocarboxylic derivatives, except acetates, decreased with increasing aliphatic chain. The opposite trend was noted for dicarboxylic acid hemiesters, isoquercitrin hemidodecanedioate being the most active. Overall, IQ butyrate, hexanoate and hemidodecanedioate are the most promising candidates for further studies.

• Klíčová slova
• DPPH, Novozym 435, antioxidant activity, fatty acid, isoquercitrin, lipase, lipoperoxidation, log P, quercetin,
• MeSH
• antioxidancia chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• estery chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• katalýza MeSH
• kyseliny dikarboxylové chemie   MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové chemie   MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• protonová magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
• quercetin analogy a deriváty   chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• estery MeSH
• isoquercitrin MeSH Prohlížeč
• kyseliny dikarboxylové MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové MeSH
• quercetin MeSH

Antiradical and cytoprotective activities of several flavanones isolated from Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. (Scrophulariaceae) have been evaluated using different in vitro and in vivo methods. The capacity of flavanones to scavenge radicals was measured in vitro by means of DPPH and ABTS assays, the inhibition of hydroxyl radicals produced in Fenton reactions, FRAP, scavenging superoxide radicals using enzymatic and nonenzymatic assays and the inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced nitration of tyrosine. The in vivo testing involved measuring the cytoprotective effect of chosen flavanones against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice. The activity of tested compounds was expressed either as a Trolox® equivalent or was compared with rutin or morine as known antioxidant compounds. The highest activity in most tests was observed for diplacone and 3´-O-methyl-5´-hydroxydiplacone, and the structure vs. the antioxidant activity relationship of geranyl or prenyl-substituted flavonoids with different substitutions at the B and C ring was discussed.

• MeSH
• cytoprotekce účinky léků   MeSH
• experimentální diabetes mellitus farmakoterapie   MeSH
• flavanony izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ovoce chemie   MeSH
• scavengery volných radikálů izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• Scrophulariaceae chemie   MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• flavanony MeSH
• scavengery volných radikálů MeSH