• MeSH
• ekonomika * MeSH
• fyziologie výživy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rozvojové země MeSH
• zásobování potravinami * MeSH
• zemědělství * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

A brief report on the development of novel apparatus is presented. It was verified in a commercial scale that a new concept of anaerobic fermentation followed by continuous pyrolysis is technically and economically feasible to manage previously enzymatically hydrolyzed waste haylage in huge volumes. The design of the concept is thoroughly described, documented in figures, and biochemically analyzed in detail. Assessment of the concept shows that subsequent pyrolysis of the anaerobically fermented residue allows among biogas to produce also high-quality biochar. This significantly improves the overall economy. In addition, it may be assumed that this applied research is consistent with previous theoretical assumptions stating that any kind of aerobic or anaerobic fermentation increases the microporosity of the biochar obtained.

• MeSH
• anaerobní bakterie fyziologie   MeSH
• biopaliva MeSH
• bioreaktory MeSH
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí MeSH
• fermentace MeSH
• lipnicovité * MeSH
• nakládání s odpady ekonomika   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• projektování a výstavba zařízení MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biochar MeSH Prohlížeč
• biopaliva MeSH
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí MeSH

OBJECTIVES: We have developed a scientifically well-grounded, methodological, and reporting checklist for economic evaluation (EE) of medicines in the Slovak health technology assessment process, which serves as a supplement to the Slovak pharmacoeconomic guidelines. METHODS: The checklist was developed using an iterative process in which items were generated and gradually added to the baseline checklist based on shortcomings identified in an analysis of Slovak EEs, using relevant published checklists, and Slovak, as well as international, methodological guidance that was identified in the systematic literature review. The selection of checklist recommendations, their clarity, and relevance to the Slovak setting were validated in the online survey. RESULTS: From the sample of 151 price and reimbursement submissions published between January 2018 and July 2021, almost half of them (n = 73) received at least 1 request from the Ministry of Healthcare to justify or modify the methodology used in the EE; and in 18 proceedings, a negative opinion was issued because of shortcomings identified in the EE. The 25-items preliminary checklist, resulting from an iterative working process, has been validated in an online survey conducted among members of ISPOR Chapter Slovakia. After incorporating relevant comments, the final proposal for the Slovak checklist consists of 55 recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: The research represented the first attempt to create a Slovak EE checklist, which serves as a part of ISPOR Slovakia pharmacoeconomic guidelines. Implementation of the checklist allows checking whether EE meets legislative and methodological requirements and thus helps in improving the appropriateness and standardization of EEs in Slovakia.

• Klíčová slova
• checklist, guidelines, health economic evaluation,
• MeSH
• ekonomika farmaceutická * MeSH
• kontrolní seznam * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Business process modelling is increasingly used not only by the companies' management but also by scientists dealing with process models. Process modeling is seldom done without decision-making nodes, which is why operational research methods are increasingly included in the process analyses. OBJECTIVE: This systematic literature review aimed to provide a detailed and comprehensive description of the relevant aspects of used operational research techniques in Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) model. METHODS: The Web Of Science of Clarivate Analytics was searched for 128 studies of that used operation research techniques and business process model and notation, published in English between 1 January 2004 and 18 May 2020. The inclusion criteria were as follows: Use of Operational Research methods in conjunction with the BPMN, and is available in full-text format. Articles were not excluded based on methodological quality. The background information of the included studies, as well as specific information on the used approaches, were extracted. RESULTS: In this research, thirty-six studies were included and considered. A total of 11 specific methods falling into the field of Operations Research have been identified, and their use in connection with the process model was described. CONCLUSION: Operational research methods are a useful complement to BPMN process analysis. It serves not only to analyze the probability of the process, its economic and personnel demands but also for process reengineering.

• Klíčová slova
• BPMN, Business process model and notation, Decision making, OR, Operation Research, Review, Techniques,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Chronic diseases are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Europe, accounting for more than 2/3 of all death causes and 75 % of the healthcare costs. Heart failure is one of the most prominent, prevalent and complex chronic conditions and is accompanied with multiple other chronic diseases. The current approach to care has important shortcomings with respect to diagnosis, treatment and care processes. A critical aspect of this situation is that interaction between stakeholders is limited and chronic diseases are usually addressed in isolation. Health care in Western countries requires an innovative approach to address chronic diseases to provide sustainability of care and to limit the excessive costs that may threaten the current systems. The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases combined with their enormous economic impact and the increasing shortage of healthcare providers are among the most critical threats. Attempts to solve these problems have failed, and future limitations in financial resources will result in much lower quality of care. Thus, changing the approach to care for chronic diseases is of utmost social importance.

• Klíčová slova
• Cardiovascular disease, Care processes, Chronic diseases, Communication and interaction, Future care, Health economics, Heart failure, Predictive preventive personalised medicine,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

In this year, 27 years have gone since the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was founded and 20 years since the foundation of the CMEA Standing Commission for Agriculture. If we are to evaluate the hitherto co-operation of the CMEA Standing Commission for Agriculture this year, especially in the field of veterinary medicine, the appraisement must be very positive. Goals and tasks laid out for this sphere were successfully accomplished, above all due to the active and stimulative approach of all delegations to the solution of the questions under discussion. As a result of the activity of the Standing Working Group of Veterinary Medicine in the framework of the Commission the co-operation between veterinary services could be not only strengthened and intensified but a series of important proposals for the member states could be elaborated, which positively affected the fulfillment of tasks in animal production, processing industry as well as in the public health control. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the CMEA Standing Commission for Agriculture we can state that the co-operation of the member states in the sphere of agriculture is an important--especially economic--factor for the further, agricultural and food production intensification and for the continuous increasing of the living standards of the population in all CMEA member states.

• MeSH
• ekonomika MeSH
• veterinární lékařství * MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

Conventional agricultural practices and rising energy crisis create a question about the sustainability of the present-day food production system. Nutrient exhaustive crops can have a severe impact on native soil fertility by causing nutrient mining. In this backdrop, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of bio-priming intervention in red cabbage production considering nutrient uptake, the annual change in soil fertility, nutrient use efficiency, energy budgeting, and economic benefits for its sustainable intensification, among resource-poor farmers of Middle Gangetic Plains. The compatible microbial agents used in the study include Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis. Field assays (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) of the present study revealed supplementing 75% of recommended NPK fertilizer with dual inoculation of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens increased macronutrient uptake (N, P, and K), root length, heading percentage, head diameter, head weight, and the total weight of red cabbage along with a positive annual change in soil organic carbon. Maximum positive annual change in available N and available P was recorded under 75% RDF + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis and 75% RDF + T. harzianum + B. subtilis, respectively. Bio-primed plants were also higher in terms of growth and nutrient use efficiency (agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency, partial factor productivity). Energy output (26,370 and 26,630 MJ ha-1), energy balance (13,643 and 13,903 MJ ha-1), maximum gross return (US $ 16,030 and 13,877 ha-1), and net return (US $ 15,966 and 13,813 ha-1) were considerably higher in T. harzianum, and P. fluorescens treated plants. The results suggest the significance of the bio-priming approach under existing integrated nutrient management strategies and the role of dual inoculations in producing synergistic effects on plant growth and maintaining the soil, food, and energy nexus.

• MeSH
• Brassica fyziologie   MeSH
• dusík chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• fertilizace * MeSH
• fyziologie rostlin * MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• minerály * MeSH
• pěstování plodin MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• rhizosféra * MeSH
• uhlík chemie   MeSH
• vývoj rostlin * MeSH
• živiny * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusík MeSH
• minerály * MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva MeSH
• půda MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

• MeSH
• dietní proteiny MeSH
• dietní sacharidy MeSH
• dietní tuky MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• ekonomika MeSH
• fyziologie výživy * MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezinárodní spolupráce MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nutriční nároky * MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• východní Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dietní proteiny MeSH
• dietní sacharidy MeSH
• dietní tuky MeSH

The author poses the question as to what causes the fluctuations in the birthrate and in population increments in the socialist countries. In order to arrive at an answer, he first analyzes demographic development in Czechoslovakia during the period 1869-1980. By comparing the differences between demographic development in Slovakia and the Czech lands, he shows the changes in demographic processes are not essentially determined by national, historical, or other factors, but are above all a complex reflection of changes in the economic mechanism. In the 2nd part of the article, the author examines in detail economic processes influencing natality and the development of population, as well as the mechanism of mutual influence which exists between demographic and economic processes. He points out that the different causes of demographic development cannot be derived from the level of the living standard, but from its changes (and/or changes in economic development). By analyzing data for the period 1948-80, the author arrives at a more precise definition of these changes in the economy. They include, for instance, changes in the rate of growth of the national economy, changes in the ratio of accumulation and consumption, changes in the ratio of national income formation and use, changes in the structure of the living standard, changes in the development of the economy and consumption in the direction of equilibrium or disequilibrium. At the same time, the author shows how these changes act toward their mutual synthesis. In each stage of development, the decisive factor for the size of population increments and natality is whether the ratio between resources and consumption is adequate, i.e., whether the relevant structure of the living standard is in accord with it. The author also examines the time lag between influences caused by changes in the economy and natality; he demonstrates that changes in the economy are effective only in this context if they overcome a threshold of sensitivity or if they accumulate in a specific manner. (author's modified)

• Klíčová slova
• Birth Rate *, Comparative Studies, Consumption *, Czechoslovakia, Demographic Factors *, Developed Countries, Development Planning *, Eastern Europe, Economic Development *, Economic Factors, Europe, Fertility *, Fertility Measurements, Historical Survey *, Income *, Macroeconomic Factors, Natural Increase *, Population, Population Dynamics *, Population Growth *, Social Welfare *, Socioeconomic Factors *,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• ekonomika * MeSH
• fertilita * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• populační růst * MeSH
• porodnost * MeSH
• příjem * MeSH
• sociální péče * MeSH
• sociální plánování * MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory * MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

An original social-ecological concept of the epidemic process has been constructed on the basis of using social ecology, systemic approach and the basic principles of cybernetics. According to this concept, the epidemic process is regarded as a biosocial, hierarchic, integral system providing for the reproduction of the species of human parasites. At a higher level of organization, the epidemic process is an epidemiological social-ecological system consisting of two interacting subsystems: the biological (epidemiological ecosystem) and the social (social and economic conditions of life of the society) subsystems where the biological subsystem plays the role of the governed object and the social acts as the internal regulator of these interactions. On the basis of this concept a rational structure of the system of epidemiological surveillance over infectious diseases has been proposed according to which each level of the structure of the epidemic process should be subject to adequate monitoring.

• MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby * MeSH
• epidemiologie MeSH
• kybernetika MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sociální podmínky MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH