The composition of microbiota and the gut-brain axis is increasingly considered a factor in the development of various pathological conditions. The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the CNS, is complex and interactions within the gut-brain axis may be relevant in the development and the course of MS. In this article, we focus on the relationship between gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of MS. We review the contribution of germ-free mouse studies to our understanding of MS pathology and its implications for treatment strategies to modulate the microbiome in MS. This summary highlights the need for a better understanding of the role of the microbiota in patients' responses to disease-modifying drugs in MS and disease activity overall.

• Klíčová slova
• disease-modifying drugs, gut-brain axis, microbiome, multiple sclerosis,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• osa mozek-střevo MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Schizophrenia research arose in the twentieth century and is currently rapidly developing, focusing on many parallel research pathways and evaluating various concepts of disease etiology. Today, we have relatively good knowledge about the generation of positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. However, the neural basis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia, especially cognitive symptoms, are still poorly understood. Finding new methods to uncover the physiological basis of the mental inabilities related to schizophrenia is an urgent task for modern neuroscience because of the lack of specific therapies for cognitive deficits in the disease. Researchers have begun investigating functional crosstalk between NMDARs and GABAergic neurons associated with schizophrenia at different resolutions. In another direction, the gut microbiota is getting increasing interest from neuroscientists. Recent findings have highlighted the role of a gut-brain axis, with the gut microbiota playing a crucial role in several psychopathologies, including schizophrenia and autism.There have also been investigations into potential therapies aimed at normalizing altered microbiota signaling to the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Probiotics diets and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are currently the most common therapies. Interestingly, in rodent models of binge feeding, optogenetic applications have been shown to affect gut colony sensitivity, thus increasing colonic transit. Here, we review recent findings on the gut microbiota-schizophrenia relationship using in vivo optogenetics. Moreover, we evaluate if manipulating actors in either the brain or the gut might improve potential treatment research. Such research and techniques will increase our knowledge of how the gut microbiota can manipulate GABA production, and therefore accompany changes in CNS GABAergic activity.

• Klíčová slova
• Fecal microbiota transplantation, Gut microbiota, Gut optogenetics, NMDA hypoactivity, NMDARs/GABA interaction, Probiotic dietaries, Schizophrenia,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek MeSH
• optogenetika MeSH
• osa mozek-střevo MeSH
• probiotika * MeSH
• schizofrenie * terapie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) pose a formidable challenge to healthcare systems worldwide due to their complex pathogenesis, significant morbidity, and mortality. Scope and Approach: This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the central role of the microbiotagut- brain axis (MGBA) in ND pathogenesis. Specifically, it delves into the perturbations within the gut microbiota and its metabolomic landscape, as well as the structural and functional transformations of the gastrointestinal and blood-brain barrier interfaces in ND patients. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in medicinal and dietary interventions tailored to modulate the MGBA for ND therapy. CONCLUSION: Accumulating evidence underscores the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in ND pathogenesis through the MGBA. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and associated metabolites instigate structural modifications and augmented permeability of both the gastrointestinal barrier and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These alterations facilitate the transit of microbial molecules from the gut to the brain via neural, endocrine, and immune pathways, potentially contributing to the etiology of NDs. Numerous investigational strategies, encompassing prebiotic and probiotic interventions, pharmaceutical trials, and dietary adaptations, are actively explored to harness the microbiota for ND treatment. This work endeavors to enhance our comprehension of the intricate mechanisms underpinning ND pathogenesis, offering valuable insights for the development of innovative therapeutic modalities targeting these debilitating disorders.

• Klíčová slova
• Neurodegenerative diseases, blood-brain barrier, dietary adaptations., gut microbiota, microbiota-gut-brain axis, therapy,
• MeSH
• dysbióza metabolismus   MeSH
• hematoencefalická bariéra metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek * metabolismus   MeSH
• neurodegenerativní nemoci * mikrobiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• osa mozek-střevo * fyziologie   MeSH
• probiotika MeSH
• stárnutí * MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Commensal bacteria of the digestive tract are separated from the brain by multiple barriers. Despite that bacteria residing in the intestine and the neurons of the brain interact by neural and humoral pathways. Mental processes, such as the stress response, may affect the composition and function of intestinal bacteria via the brain-gut axis. On the other hand, intestinal bacteria can influence the processes in the brain through the gut-brain axis. Disruption of these interactions may be involved in various alterations both in the function of the gastrointestinal tract and the brain function.

• MeSH
• deprese patofyziologie   MeSH
• duševní poruchy patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Psychiatric and mood disorders may play an important role in the development and persistence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Previously, we hypothesized that stress-induced implicit memories may persist throughout life via epigenetic processes in the enteric nervous system (ENS), independent of the central nervous system (CNS). These epigenetic memories in the ENS may contribute to developing and perpetuating IBS. Here, we further elaborate on our earlier hypothesis. That is, during pregnancy, maternal prenatal stresses perturb the HPA axis and increase circulating cortisol levels, which can affect the maternal gut microbiota. Maternal cortisol can cross the placental barrier and increase cortisol-circulating levels in the fetus. This leads to dysregulation of the HPA axis, affecting the gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, and intestinal permeability in the fetus. Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (which also regulate the development of fetal ENS), can modulate a range of diseases by inducing epigenetic changes. These mentioned processes suggest that stress-related, implicit, long-term epigenetic memories may be programmed into the fetal ENS during pregnancy. Subsequently, this implicit epigenetic stress information from the fetal ENS could be conveyed to the CNS through the bidirectional microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA), leading to perturbed functional connectivity among various brain networks and the dysregulation of affective and pain processes.

• Klíčová slova
• ENS, IBS, Implicit epigenetic long-term memory, Microbiota-gut-brain axis, short-chain fatty acids., stress,
• MeSH
• epigeneze genetická * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osa mozek-střevo fyziologie   MeSH
• psychický stres * metabolismus   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra fyziologie   MeSH
• střevní nervový systém * MeSH
• syndrom dráždivého tračníku * metabolismus   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Brain-gut microbiota interactions are intensively studied in connection with various neurological and psychiatric diseases. While anorexia nervosa (AN) pathophysiology is not entirely clear, it is presumably linked to microbiome dysbiosis. We aimed to elucidate the gut microbiota contribution in AN disease pathophysiology. We analyzed the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome of patients with AN (bacteriome and mycobiome) from stool samples before and after renourishment, and compared them to healthy controls. Further, levels of assorted neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were analyzed in stool samples by MS and NMR, respectively. Biochemical, anthropometric, and psychometric profiles were assessed. The bacterial alpha-diversity parameter analyses revealed only increased Chao 1 index in patients with AN before the realimentation, reflecting their interindividual variation. Subsequently, core microbiota depletion signs were observed in patients with AN. Overrepresented OTUs (operation taxonomic units) in patients with AN taxonomically belonged to Alistipes, Clostridiales, Christensenellaceae, and Ruminococcaceae. Underrepresented OTUs in patients with AN were Faecalibacterium, Agathobacter, Bacteroides, Blautia, and Lachnospira. Patients exhibited greater interindividual variation in the gut bacteriome, as well as in metagenome content compared to controls, suggesting altered bacteriome functions. Patients had decreased levels of serotonin, GABA, dopamine, butyrate, and acetate in their stool samples compared to controls. Mycobiome analysis did not reveal significant differences in alpha diversity and fungal profile composition between patients with AN and healthy controls, nor any correlation of the fungal composition with the bacterial profile. Our results show the changed profile of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in patients with severe AN. Although therapeutic partial renourishment led to increased body mass index and improved psychometric parameters, SCFA, and neurotransmitter profiles, as well as microbial community compositions, did not change substantially during the hospitalization period, which can be potentially caused by only partial weight recovery.

• Klíčová slova
• BMI, EDE-Q, Microbiome, SCFA, bacteriome, dysbiosis, gut-brain-microbiota axis, mycobiome, neurotransmitter, renourishment,
• MeSH
• Archaea klasifikace   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• houby klasifikace   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• kyseliny mastné těkavé metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• mentální anorexie metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• metagenom MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mykobiom MeSH
• neurotransmiterové látky metabolismus   MeSH
• osa mozek-střevo MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyseliny mastné těkavé MeSH
• neurotransmiterové látky MeSH

Epilepsy as a chronic neurological disorder is characterized by recurrent, unprovoked epileptic seizures. In about half of the people who suffer from epilepsy, the root cause of the disorder is unknown. In the other cases, different factors can cause the onset of epilepsy. In recent years, the role of gut microbiota has been recognized in many neurological disorders, including epilepsy. These data are based on studies of the gut microbiota-brain axis, a relationship starting by a dysbiosis followed by an alteration of brain functions. Interestingly, epileptic patients may show signs of dysbiosis, therefore the normalization of the gut microbiota may lead to improvement of epilepsy and to greater efficacy of anticonvulsant drugs. In this descriptive review, we analyze the evidences for the role of gut microbiota in epilepsy and hypothesize a mechanism of action of these microorganisms in the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease. Human studies revealed an increased prevalence of Firmicutes in patients with refractory epilepsy. Exposure to various compounds can change microbiota composition, decreasing or exacerbating epileptic seizures. These include antibiotics, epileptic drugs, probiotics and ketogenic diet. Finally, we hypothesize that physical activity may play a role in epilepsy through the modulation of the gut microbiota.

• Klíčová slova
• epilepsy, gut microbiota, ketogenic diet, physical activity, treatment,
• MeSH
• dysbióza * MeSH
• epilepsie * metabolismus   mikrobiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Firmicutes * klasifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek patofyziologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

It has become apparent that the molecular and biochemical integrity of interactive families, genera, and species of human gut microflora is critically linked to maintaining complex metabolic and behavioral processes mediated by peripheral organ systems and central nervous system neuronal groupings. Relatively recent studies have established intrinsic ratios of enterotypes contained within the human microbiome across demographic subpopulations and have empirically linked significant alterations in the expression of bacterial enterotypes with the initiation and persistence of several major metabolic and psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, the goal of our review is to highlight potential thematic/functional linkages of pathophysiological alterations in gut microbiota and bidirectional gut-brain signaling pathways with special emphasis on the potential roles of gut dysbiosis on the pathophysiology of psychiatric illnesses. We provide critical discussion of putative thematic linkages of Parkinson's disease (PD) data sets to similar pathophysiological events as potential causative factors in the development and persistence of diverse psychiatric illnesses. Finally, we include a concise review of preclinical paradigms that involve immunologically-induced GI deficits and dysbiosis of maternal microflora that are functionally linked to impaired neurodevelopmental processes leading to affective behavioral syndromes in the offspring.

• Klíčová slova
• Antibiotics, Bacteria, Depression, FOXG1, Microbiome, Monoamines, Psychiatry,
• MeSH
• duševní poruchy genetika   patofyziologie   MeSH
• dysbióza genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota genetika   MeSH
• mozek metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc genetika   patofyziologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

There is increasing evidence of a pivotal role of the gut microbiota (GUT-M) in key physiological functions in vertebrates. Many studies discuss functional implications of the GUT-M not only on immunity, growth, metabolism, but also on brain development and behavior. However, while the influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) on behavior is documented in rodents and humans, data on farm animals are scarce. This review will first report the well-known influence of the MGBA on behavior in rodent and human and then describe its influence on emotion, memory, social and feeding behaviors in farm animals. This corpus of experiments suggests that a better understanding of the effects of the MGBA on behavior could have large implications in various fields of animal production. Specifically, animal welfare and health could be improved by selection, nutrition and management processes that take into account the role of the GUT-M in behavior.

• Klíčová slova
• Behavior, Emotion, Livestock, Microbiota, Microbiota-gut-brain axis, Welfare,
• MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• pohoda zvířat * MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The impact of the microbiome on brain function and behavior has recently become an important research topic. We searched for a link between the gut microbiome and impulsive and violent behavior. We focused on critical factors influencing the microbiome establishment that may affect human health later in life, i.e., delivery mode, early-life feeding, and early antibiotic exposure. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. We included original human studies examining adults and children with impulsive and/or violent behavior that assessed the gut microbiota composition of participants, delivery mode, infant feeding mode, or early antibiotic exposure. Bibliographic searches yielded 429 articles, and 21 met the eligibility criteria. Two studies reported data on patients with schizophrenia with violent behavior, while 19 studies reported data on patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The results showed several bacterial taxa associated with ADHD symptomatology and with violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia. No association was found between delivery mode and impulsive behavior, nor did any articles relate infant feeding mode to violent human behavior. Those studies investigating early antibiotic exposure yielded ambiguous results. The heterogeneity of the data and the different methodologies of the included studies limited the external validity of the results. We found few studies that addressed the possible microbiome involvement in the pathophysiology of impulsive and violent behavior in humans. Our review revealed a gap in knowledge regarding links between the gut microbiome and these extreme behavioral patterns.

• Klíčová slova
• Antibiotics, Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, Dysbiosis, Impulsive behavior, Microbiota, Violence,
• MeSH
• agrese MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hyperkinetická porucha * MeSH
• impulzivní chování MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH