Plant growth-promoting and stress resilience-inducing root endophytic fungi represent an additional carbohydrate sink. This study aims to test if such root endophytes affect the sugar metabolism of the host plant to divert the flow of resources for their purposes. Fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) colonised by the closely related Serendipita indica and Serendipita herbamans were recorded. Plant carbohydrate metabolism was analysed by measuring sugar levels, by determining activity signatures of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, and by quantifying mRNA levels of genes involved in sugar transport and turnover. During the interaction with the tomato plants, both fungi promoted root growth and shifted shoot biomass from stem to leaf tissues, resulting in increased leaf size. A common effect induced by both fungi was the inhibition of phosphofructokinase (PFK) in roots and leaves. This glycolytic-pacing enzyme shows how the glycolysis rate is reduced in plants and, eventually, how sugars are allocated to different tissues. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity was strongly induced in colonised roots. This was accompanied by increased SPS-A1 gene expression in S. herbamans-colonised roots and by increased sucrose amounts in roots colonised by S. indica. Other enzyme activities were barely affected by S. indica, but mainly induced in leaves of S. herbamans-colonised plants and decreased in roots. This study suggests that two closely related root endophytic fungi differentially influence plant carbohydrate metabolism locally and systemically, but both induce a similar increase in plant biomass. Notably, both fungal endophytes induce an increase in SPS activity and, in the case of S. indica, sucrose resynthesis in roots. In leaves of S. indica-colonised plants, SWEET11b expression was enhanced, thus we assume that excess sucrose was exported by this transporter to the roots. ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬.

• Klíčová slova
• Carbohydrate metabolism, Growth promotion, Plant-fungus interaction, Sebacinales, Sucrose, Tomato,
• MeSH
• Basidiomycota * fyziologie   MeSH
• endofyty MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• kořeny rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus sacharidů MeSH
• sacharosa metabolismus   MeSH
• Solanum lycopersicum * metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• sacharosa MeSH

Carbohydrate (CHO) intake in oral and enteral nutrition is regularly reduced in nutritional support of older patients due to the high prevalence of diabetes (usually type 2-T2DM) in this age group. However, CHO shortage can lead to the lack of building blocks necessary for tissue regeneration and other anabolic processes. Moreover, low CHO intake decreases CHO oxidation and can increase insulin resistance. The aim of our current study was to determine the extent to which an increased intake of a rapidly digestible carbohydrate-maltodextrin-affects blood glucose levels monitored continuously for one week in patients with and without T2DM. Twenty-one patients (14 T2DM and seven without diabetes) were studied for two weeks. During the first week, patients with T2DM received standard diabetic nutrition (250 g CHO per day) and patients without diabetes received a standard diet (350 g of CHO per day). During the second week, the daily CHO intake was increased to 400 in T2DM and 500 g in nondiabetic patients by addition of 150 g maltodextrin divided into three equal doses of 50 g and given immediately after the main meal. Plasma glucose level was monitored continually with the help of a subcutaneous sensor during both weeks. The increased CHO intake led to transient postprandial increase of glucose levels in T2DM patients. This rise was more manifest during the first three days of CHO intake, and then the postprandial peak hyperglycemia was blunted. During the night's fasting period, the glucose levels were not influenced by maltodextrin. Supplementation of additional CHO did not influence the percentual range of high glucose level and decreased a risk of hypoglycaemia. No change in T2DM treatment was indicated. The results confirm our assumption that increased CHO intake as an alternative to CHO restriction in type 2 diabetic patients during oral and enteral nutritional support is safe.

• Klíčová slova
• carbohydrate intake, diabetes mellitus, enteral nutrition, glucose, glucose metabolism, insulin resistance,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * MeSH
• dietní sacharidy MeSH
• enterální výživa škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• hyperglykemie * MeSH
• inzulin MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dietní sacharidy MeSH
• inzulin MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH

Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), the most serious bacterial disease affecting developing honeybee larvae and pupas. In this study, a library of 24 (thio)glycosides, glycosyl sulfones, 6-O-esters, and ethers derived from d-mannose, d-glucose, and d-galactose having C10 or C12 alkyl chain were evaluated for their antibacterial efficacy against two P. larvae strains. The efficacy of the tested compounds determined as minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) varied greatly. Generally, dodecyl derivatives were found to be more potent than their decylated analogs. Thioglycosides were more efficient than glycosides and sulfones. The activity of the 6-O-ether derivatives was higher than that of their ester counterparts. Seven derivatives with dodecyl chain linked (thio)glycosidically or etherically at C-6 showed high efficacy against both P. larvae strains (MICs ranged from 12.5 μM to 50 μM). Their efficacies were similar or much higher than those of selected reference compounds known to be active against P. larvae-lauric acid, monolaurin, and honeybee larval food components, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, and sebacic acid (MICs ranged from 25 μM to 6400 μM). The high efficacies of these seven derivatives suggest that they could increase the anti-P. larvae activity of larval food and improve the resistance of larvae to AFB disease through their application to honeybee colonies.

• Klíčová slova
• 10-HDA, American foulbrood, antibacterial activity, carbohydrate (thio)ethers, carbohydrate esters, fatty acid, lauric acid, monolaurin, royal jelly,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• estery farmakologie   MeSH
• ethery farmakologie   MeSH
• glykosidy farmakologie   MeSH
• larva MeSH
• Paenibacillus larvae * MeSH
• Paenibacillus * MeSH
• sacharidy farmakologie   MeSH
• sulfidy farmakologie   MeSH
• sulfony farmakologie   MeSH
• včely MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• estery MeSH
• ethery MeSH
• glykosidy MeSH
• sacharidy MeSH
• sulfidy MeSH
• sulfony MeSH

Embryonal carcinoma cells carry on their surfaces carbohydrate antigens that are also expressed in early embryonic cells. We report here the expression and properties of a new developmentally regulated carbohydrate epitope, which is defined by a monoclonal antibody TEC-05. This antibody was generated by immunization of a rat with mouse embryonal carcinoma cells P19S1801A1. By immunofluorescence, the TEC-5 epitope was first detected on 8-cell-stage mouse embryos and was present on all subsequent stages of preimplantation development. Absorption analysis revealed that TEC-5 epitope was expressed only on a limited number of adult mouse tissues. In the direct radioantibody binding assay, TEC-05 reacted strongly with OTF9-63 cells and with some of the mouse embryonal carcinoma cell lines tested. Its reaction with differentiated cell lines was weak or undetectable. In the course of differentiation of OTF9-63 cells induced by retinoic acid, the epitope disappeared with the onset of morphological differentiation. The binding of the antibody to OTF9-63 cells was inhibited to 50% by 10-50 microM N-acetyllactosamine and lactose. Immunolabelling of extracts from OTF9-63 cells separated by sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that TEC-5 epitope was carried by high-molecular-weight glycoconjugates (molecular weight greater than 100,000). Molecules, isolated from [3H]-fucose-labelled OTF9-63 cells by indirect immunoprecipitation with TEC-05 antibody, were degraded by extensive pronase digestion or mild alkaline treatment to large carbohydrate chains that were excluded from a Sephadex G-50 column. Direct evidence that TEC-05 antibody bound to embryoglycan was obtained using a modified Farr's assay. The antibody was found to inhibit adhesion of F9 and OTF9-63 cells to substratum. The inhibitory effect, which could be abrogated by lactose, seemed to be specific, because another IgM monoclonal antibody which also binds to embryoglycan had no effect. Combined data indicated that TEC-05 antibody recognizes a carbohydrate epitope which is involved in cell-substratum adhesion of F9 cells and which provides a new marker for structure-function studies of stage-specific embryonic antigens.

• MeSH
• antigeny povrchové imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčná adheze účinky léků   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• embryo savčí imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• epitopy MeSH
• germinální a embryonální nádory imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• karcinom imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• křečci praví MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolismus sacharidů MeSH
• molekulová hmotnost MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buňky kultivované cytologie   účinky léků   imunologie   MeSH
• potkani inbrední LEW MeSH
• sacharidy imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• křečci praví MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny povrchové MeSH
• epitopy MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky MeSH
• sacharidy MeSH

The expression and properties of mouse embryonic antigens, recognized by monoclonal antibody TEC-02, were analyzed in teratocarcinoma-derived cell lines. TEC-2 antigens were found in the majority of the parietal endoderm cells PYS-2 and in a fraction of cultured embryonal carcinoma cells but not in other cell lines tested. During the course of retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells F9, the expression of TEC-2 was transiently increased. Immunolabeling of extracts from F9 and PYS-2 cells separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that TEC-2 antigens are polydisperse glycoconjugates of high molecular weight (mostly greater than 100,000). The TEC-2 epitope was shown to be carbohydrate which in F9 cells might be attached to the same carrier as another developmentally regulated carbohydrate epitope TEC-1. The TEC-2 antigens, isolated by indirect immunoprecipitation, were degraded by extensive pronase digestion or mild alkaline treatment to mostly large products. Immunostaining of glycolipid standards suggested that TEC-2 epitope involves the GalNAc beta 1----4Gal beta 1----4R sequence. Combined data indicate that TEC-2 is a new developmentally regulated carbohydrate epitope carried in embryonal carcinoma cells predominantly on glycoprotein-bound large carbohydrates.

• MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• detergenty farmakologie   MeSH
• epitopy analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• gelová chromatografie MeSH
• glykokonjugáty imunologie   MeSH
• karcinoembryonální antigen imunologie   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulová hmotnost MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky imunologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• precipitinové testy MeSH
• sacharidy imunologie   MeSH
• specificita protilátek MeSH
• teratom imunologie   MeSH
• tretinoin farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• detergenty MeSH
• epitopy MeSH
• glykokonjugáty MeSH
• karcinoembryonální antigen MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky MeSH
• sacharidy MeSH
• tretinoin MeSH

Storage of carbohydrates in organs protected from disturbance is an important adaptation of plants in disturbed habitats. We carried out a field experiment involving 31 herbaceous plant species in two cultural meadows to find out whether roots or belowground stem-derived organs (stem bases, stem tubers and rhizomes) are the main storage organs, to study how reserves accumulate in individual organs in the long term (growing season) and to ascertain whether meadow abandonment affects the distribution of carbohydrate reserves in plants. We also conducted a 22-day pot experiment with four meadow plant species to determine how removal of roots and aboveground parts affects the use of carbohydrates stored in roots and stem-derived organs in the short term. From the long-term perspective of the field experiment, mowing had a positive effect on the concentration of carbohydrate reserves. From the short-term perspective of the pot experiment, however, the effect on concentration and pools of carbohydrates was negative. In the field experiment, carbohydrate concentrations before winter were generally higher than in mid-season, and more often higher in roots than in stem-derived organs. Roots and stem-derived organs of plants in the pot experiment were depleted similarly after both types of disturbance. Our results indicate a need for including both types of belowground plant organs in future studies of the carbon economy of plants from disturbed habitats.

• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• kořeny rostlin chemie   MeSH
• lipnicovité MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• rostliny chemie   MeSH
• sacharidy chemie   MeSH
• stonky rostlin chemie   MeSH
• uhlík MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• sacharidy MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

Carbohydrate-restricted diets have become very popular due to their numerous health benefits. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of 4 weeks of a well-planned, low-energy moderate-carbohydrate diet (MCD) and a low-energy mixed diet (MixD) on the lipoprotein profile, glucose and C-reactive protein concentrations, body mass, and body composition in middle-aged males. Sixty middle-aged males were randomly assigned to the following groups: hypocaloric MCD (32% carbohydrates, 28% proteins, and 40% fat), hypocaloric MixD (50% carbohydrates, 20% proteins, and 30% fat), and a conventional (control) diet (CD; 48% carbohydrates, 15% proteins, and 37% fat). The participants who were classified into the MCD and MixD groups consumed 20% fewer calories daily than the total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). Baseline and postintervention fasting triacylglycerol (TG), LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (tCh), glucose (Gl), and C-reactive protein were evaluated. Body mass (BM) and body composition changes, including body fat (BF), % body fat (PBF), and muscle mass (MM), were monitored. Compared with MixD and CD, MCD significantly changed the fasting serum concentrations of TG (p < 0.05), HDL-C (p < 0.05), LDL-C (p < 0.05), tCh (p < 0.05), and glucose (p < 0.01). Additionally, body fat content (kg and %) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) after MCD compared with MixD and CD. After the MixD intervention, BM and MM decreased (p < 0.05) compared with baseline values. Compared with baseline, after the MixD, BM, MM, tCh, LDL-C, and TG changed significantly. The 4 week low-energy MCD intervention changed lipoproteins, glucose, and body fat to a greater extent than the low-energy MixD. A hypocaloric MCD may be suggested for middle-aged male subjects who want to lose weight by reducing body fat content without compromising muscle mass.

• Klíčová slova
• body fat, carbohydrate-restricted diet, cholesterol, low energy, weight loss,
• MeSH
• dieta s omezením tuků MeSH
• dietní proteiny MeSH
• dietní sacharidy * MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol MeSH
• hmotnostní úbytek * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy krev   MeSH
• obezita * MeSH
• složení těla * MeSH
• triglyceridy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dietní proteiny MeSH
• dietní sacharidy * MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• triglyceridy MeSH

Potato represents the third most important crop worldwide and therefore to understand regulations of tuber onset is crucial from both theoretical and practical points of view. Photosynthesis and related carbohydrate status along with phytohormone balance belong to the essential factors in regulation of plant development including storage organ formation. In our work we used potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Lada and its spontaneously tuberizing mutant (ST plants) grown in vitro under low carbohydrate availability (non-inductive conditions). Small plant phenotype and readiness to tuberization of ST plants was, however, not accompanied by lower gibberellins levels, as determined by UHPLC-MS/MS. Therefore, we focused on the other inducing factor, carbohydrate status. Using HPLC, we followed changes in carbohydrate distribution under mixotrophic (2.5% sucrose in medium) and photoautotrophic conditions (no sucrose addition and higher gas and light availability) and observed changes in soluble carbohydrate allocation and starch deposition, favouring basal stem part in mutants. In addition, the determination of tuber-inducing marker gene expressions revealed increased levels of StSP6A in ST leaves. Collectively these data point towards the possibility of two parallel cross-talking pathways (carbohydrate - and gibberellin- dependent ones) with the power of both to outcompete the other one when its signal is for some reason extraordinary strong.

• Klíčová slova
• Carbohydrate distribution, Gibberellin, Photoautotrophic cultivation, Potato, Tuberization,
• MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• gibereliny metabolismus   MeSH
• hlízy rostlin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus sacharidů genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Solanum tuberosum genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• gibereliny MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

The free and protein-bound amino acid composition of the herb and roots of Smallanthus sonchifolius was analyzed by HPLC method. Fourteen free and fifteen protein-bound amino acids were determined in yacon herb, and three free and fourteen protein-bound amino acids in the roots. Among the free amino acids, proline (0.44 µg/mg) and aspartic acid (0.12 µg/mg) were dominant in the herb and proline (0.28 µg/mg) in the roots. Among the protein-bound amino acids, aspartic acid (18.58 µg/mg), glutamic acid (16.33 µg/mg) and proline (14.52 µg/mg) prevailed in the herb, and proline (3.14 μg/mg) in the roots. Fructose, sucrose and arabinose were identified in free form in the herb of S. sonchifolius applying gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The polysaccharide complex was obtained from yacon herb, its yield was 5.13 ± 0.09%. Fructose (3.11 µg/mg) was the only monosaccharide identified in the hydrolysate of the obtained complex.

• Klíčová slova
• GC-MS HPLC methods, Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon), amino acids, carbohydrates,
• MeSH
• aminokyseliny analýza   MeSH
• Asteraceae chemie   MeSH
• fytonutrienty analýza   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin chemie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH
• sacharidy analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny MeSH
• fytonutrienty MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH
• sacharidy MeSH

Termites are among the few animals that themselves can digest the most abundant organic polymer, cellulose, into glucose. In mice and Drosophila, glucose can activate genes via the transcription factor carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) to induce glucose utilization and de novo lipogenesis. Here, we identify a termite orthologue of ChREBP and its downstream lipogenic targets, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. We show that all of these genes, including ChREBP, are upregulated in mature queens compared with kings, sterile workers and soldiers in eight different termite species. ChREBP is expressed in several tissues, including ovaries and fat bodies, and increases in expression in totipotent workers during their differentiation into neotenic mature queens. We further show that ChREBP is regulated by a carbohydrate diet in termite queens. Suppression of the lipogenic pathway by a pharmacological agent in queens elicits the same behavioural alterations in sterile workers as observed in queenless colonies, supporting that the ChREBP pathway partakes in the biosynthesis of semiochemicals that convey the signal of the presence of a fertile queen. Our results highlight ChREBP as a likely key factor for the regulation and signalling of queen fertility.

• Klíčová slova
• carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein, lipogenesis, phenotypic plasticity, reproduction, social insects, transcription factor,
• MeSH
• fertilita MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Isoptera klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• lipogeneze MeSH
• mapy interakcí proteinů MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• tkáňová distribuce MeSH
• transkripční faktory metabolismus   MeSH
• upregulace * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukosa MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny MeSH
• transkripční faktory MeSH