Dating of clay bricks (adobe) and plasters is a relevant topic not only for building historians in the Pannonian region. Especially in vernacular architecture in this region, clay with straw amendments is a dominant construction material. The paper presents the potential of the molecular decay of these amendments to establish prediction tools for age based on infrared spectroscopic measurements. Preliminary results revealed spectral differences between the different plant parts, especially culms, nodes, and ear spindles. Based on these results, a first prediction model is presented including 14 historic samples. The coefficient of determination for the validation reached 62.2%, the (RMSE) root mean squared error amounted to 93 years. Taking the limited sample amount and the high material heterogeneity into account, this result can be seen as a promising output. Accordingly, sample size should be increased to a minimum of 100 objects and separate models for the different plant parts should be established.

• Klíčová slova
• FTIR spectroscopy, adobe construction, earth construction, straw amendments, vernacular architecture,
• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• jíl chemie   MeSH
• konstrukční materiály analýza   MeSH
• spektrální analýza MeSH
• stopové prvky analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• jíl MeSH
• stopové prvky MeSH

The buffering capacity of the soil is a very important property of the soil, which determines the ability of the soil to resist external influences, especially changes in pH and thus create good living conditions for plants and microorganisms in the soil. The buffering capacity thus significantly contributes to maintaining the health and quality of the soil. Buffering capacity is an important indicator of soil quality, because it is related to the overall condition of the soil ecosystem and other soil properties. The goal of this paper is to determine the effect of applying different soil amendments on the soils, 10 years after application. We compared the effect of 6 different treatments in closed plots: Natural conditions (N = control); Bare soil (B); Straw mulching (S); Pine mulch (P); TerraCottem hydroabsorbent polymers (H); Prescribed burn (F); and Sewage sludge (M). Our results have shown that the application of different amedments leads to an effect on the plowing capacity of the soil. While in the case of the control variant (Natural conditions, N) the buffering capacity of the soil was measured at 144.93 ± 0.25, the addition of different amendments decreased the buffering capacity in the following order: Bare soil (B) 142.73±0.21 > TerraCotem hydroaborbent polymer (H) 142.23±.15 > Pine mulch (P) 140.40±0.30, Prescribed burn (F) 138.20±0.30, Sludge (S) 127.47±0.15. In the case of all variants, these are statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). Thus, soil amendments have been shown to have a statistically significant effect on soil buffering capacity.

• MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• borovice chemie   fyziologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odpadní vody chemie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• pufry MeSH
• regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• skládková zařízení MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• publikace stažené z tisku MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Španělsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• půda MeSH
• pufry MeSH

The effect of Herbaspirillum seropedicae inoculation and/or maize straw (0, 5 and 10 Mg/hm2) amendment on the growth and N2 fixation of wheat was determined in pot experiments using 15N-dilution method. Inoculation resulted in accumulation of fixed nitrogen, and % N from atmosphere being 24.6 and 26.5% in wheat shoot and grain, respectively. Straw amendment reduced % Natm to 16.1 and 20.2% at high straw level (10 Mg/hm2). Rational nitrogen fertilization (180 kg N/hm2) completely inhibited N2 fixation by H. seropedicae inoculation. Bacterial inoculation increased dry shoot and grain yield up to 23 and 31%, respectively. The highest levels of shoot and grain dry mass (46.5 and 42.4%) were obtained by N-fertilization in both inoculated and uninoculated plants. Total shoot and grain N-yield increased irrespective of organic matter amendment by inoculation up to 9 and 25%, respectively. N-fertilized plants recorded a maximum increase in N-yield (57 and 51%). H. seropedicae was reisolated from inoculated wheat histosphere after harvesting (90 d from sowing). Neither organic matter nor mineral nitrogen applications had any marked effect on bacterial total counts colonizing wheat histosphere. Moreover, no symptoms of mottled stripe disease were observed on leaves and stems of inoculated plants.

• MeSH
• fixace dusíku fyziologie   MeSH
• Herbaspirillum růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• indikátorové diluční techniky MeSH
• izotopy dusíku MeSH
• kukuřice setá MeSH
• pšenice růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• půda MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• izotopy dusíku MeSH
• půda MeSH

Wastewater irrigation is becoming a massive challenge for sustainable agriculture. Particularly, copper (Cu) presence in wastewater poses a great threat to the food chain quality. Thus, scientists need to address this issue by using chemical and organic soil amendments to restore the soil ecosystem. Therefore, this study aims to examine the efficacy of sulphur, compost, acidified animal manure and sesame straw biochar for Cu immobilization, adsorption and Brassica growth in wastewater irrigated soil. The current findings presented that all the soil amendments prominently improved brassica yield and significantly minimized the Cu uptake by Brassica shoots and roots in sesame straw biochar (SB) (64.2% and 50.2%), compost (CP) (48% and 32.5%), acidified manure (AM) (37% and 23.2%) and Sulphur (SP) (16% and 3.1%) respectively relative to untreated soil. In addition, Cu bioavailability was reduced by 51%, 34%, 16.6%, and 7.4% when SB, CP, AM, and SP were incorporated in wastewater irrigated polluted soil. The Cu adsorption isotherm results also revealed that SB treated soil has great potential to increase Cu adsorption capacity by 223 mg g- 1 over control 89 mg g- 1. Among all the treatments, SB and CP were considered suitable candidates for the restoration of Cu polluted alkaline nature soil.

• Klíčová slova
• Adsorption, Biochar, Copper, Brassica, Phytoremediation,
• MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• hnůj MeSH
• hořčice rodu Brassica MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * analýza   MeSH
• měď analýza   MeSH
• odpadní voda MeSH
• půda * MeSH
• síra MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biochar MeSH Prohlížeč
• hnůj MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• měď MeSH
• odpadní voda MeSH
• půda * MeSH
• síra MeSH

Two long-term contaminated soils differing in contents of Pb, Zn, As, Cd were compared in a microcosm experiment for changes in microbial community structure and respiration after various treatments. We observed that the extent of long-term contamination (over 200 years) by toxic elements did not change the total numbers and diversity of bacteria but influenced their community composition. Namely, numbers of Actinobacteria determined by phylum specific qPCR increased and also the proportion of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi increased in Illumina sequence libraries in the more contaminated soil. In the experiment, secondary disturbance by supplemented cadmium (doses from double to 100-fold the concentration in the original soil) and organic substrates (cellobiose or straw) increased bacterial diversity in the less contaminated soil and decreased it in the more contaminated soil. Respiration in the experiment was higher in the more contaminated soil in all treatments and correlated with bacterial numbers. Considering the most significant changes in bacterial community, it seemed that particularly Actinobacteria withstand contamination by toxic elements. The results proved higher resistance to secondary disturbance in terms of both, respiration and bacterial community structure in the less contaminated soil.

• Klíčová slova
• actinobacteria, cellobiose, diversity, respiration, straw,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Mismanagement of crop straw and coal gas residue threatens the atmosphere and the economy. Nevertheless, thermal-pyrolysis is an option for management that turns bio-waste into biochar; its viability and adoption by the public as soil amendments is dependent on the agronomic and environmental values compared between biochar and the raw materials. We undertook a 60-day short-term analysis to assess the impact of various wastes and biochars, as well as inorganic nutrients (N), on carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, soil enzyme activities, soil fertility status, and microbial activities. There were eight treatments of soil amendments: without an amendment (CK), Nutrients (N), straw + nutrients (S+N), straw biochar + nutrients (SB+N), coal gas residue + nutrients (C+N), coal gas residue biochar + nutrients (CB+N), straw + straw biochar + nutrients (S+SB+N) and coal gas residue waste + coal gas residue biochar + nutrients (C+ CB +N). The results indicated that soil EC, pH, nitrate N (NO3 -- N), SOC, TN and available K were significantly (p < 0.05) increased coal gas residue biochar and combined with coal fly ash as compared to maize straw biochar and combined with maize straw and N treatments. The higher concentrations of soil MBC and MBN activities were increased in the maize straw application, while higher soil enzyme activity such as, invertase, urease and catalase were enhanced in the coal fly ash derived biochar treatments. The higher cumulative CO2 emissions were recorded in the combined applications of maize straw and its biochar as well as coal gas residue and its biochar treatment. Our study concludes, that maize straw and coal fly ash wastes were converted into biochar product could be a feasible substitute way of discarding, since land amendment and decreased CO2 fluxes and positive changes in soil microbial, and chemical properties, and can be confirmed under long-term conditions for reduction of economical and environment issues.

• Klíčová slova
• Biochar, CO2 emissions, Soil MBC and MBN, Soil enzymes activities,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Biochar shapes the soil environment and plant growth. Nevertheless, the mechanisms associated with an improved plant biomass and soil microbiome in low metal-contaminated soils are still unclear. In this study, the influence of biochar on soil physico-chemical properties, plant performance, and rhizosphere microbiota in durum wheat was investigated at the above- and belowground levels. Two kinds of biochar from different feedstocks (wood chips and wheat straw pellets) and two Italian durum wheat varieties, Duilio and Marco Aurelio, were analyzed in a greenhouse using a low-nutrient gleyic fluvisol containing a very small amount of Pb and Zn. Four different treatments were performed: soil-only control (C), soil amended with woody biochar equilibrated with nutrient solution (B1+) and non-activated (B1-), and soil amended with non-activated (B2-) wheat straw biochar. Seven weeks after seed germination, (1) the physico-chemical properties of soil, biochars, and mixtures were assessed; (2) the fresh and dry weight of aboveground plant tissues and roots and other morphometric traits were measured; and (3) metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene was performed on rhizosphere soil samples. The results showed that the biochar from wheat straw had stronger impact on both durum varieties, with higher electrical conductivity, higher levels of available K and Na, and a substantial increase of dissolved Na+, K+, and Cl- ions in pore water. Generally, biochar amendment decreased Zn availability for the plants. In addition, biochar improved plant growth in the early growth stage, and the more positive effect was achieved by combining wheat straw biochar with Marco Aurelio. Rhizosphere bacterial microbiota showed variation in alpha diversity only due to treatment; on the other hand, the differential analysis showed consistent variation among samples with significant effects on amplicon sequence variant (ASV) abundance due to the specific biochar treatment as well as the genotype. The pure B1-, due to its scarce nutrient content with respect to the richer types (B1+ and B2-), had a negative impact on microbiota richness. Our study highlights that an appropriate combination of biochar feedstock and crop species may lead to superior yield.

• Klíčová slova
• biochar, durum wheat, low-metal contaminated soil, rhizosphere bacterial microbiome, vegetal feedstock,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Sustainable and circular production models, such as the circular economy and circular bioeconomy, have become key mechanisms to leave behind the traditional linear model of food production. Under this approach and considering the waste biomass potential available in Spain and the Czech Republic, the main objective of this study is to analyse the most relevant aspects of the generation, use and regulation of agricultural waste biomass (AWB) in both countries. For this purpose, a scientometric analysis and systematic review of published research in the Scopus database were carried out. A complementary analysis of AWB management policies and regulations was also part of the methodology. The results show that Spain has published almost twice as much research as the Czech Republic. Furthermore, 91% of the retrieved research prioritizes the characterization and estimation of the potential of more than 15 AWB types. Among the main ones are olive residues, horticultural residues and wheat straw, which are used for producing organic amendments, bioenergy and biofuels. The results confirm that the reduction and valorization of AWB is an issue that has become more important in the last 13 years, mainly due to the policies and strategies for circular economy and circular bioeconomy. With this in mind, this study provides relevant information for governments on the aspects that need to be improved to advance in the valorization of AWB. This study also provides guidance to farmers on the reduction and/or recovery alternatives that they can implement to move towards sustainable and circular agriculture.

• Klíčová slova
• Sustainable agriculture, agricultural waste biomass, circular bioeconomy, circular economy, scientometric analysis, sustainable development, systematic review,
• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• biopaliva MeSH
• nakládání s odpady * MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Španělsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biopaliva MeSH

Fungal species were isolated which utilize organophosphate pesticides, viz. phosphorothioic (pirimiphos-methyl and pyrazophos), phosphorodithioic (dimethoate and malathion), phosphonic (lancer) and phosphoric (profenfos) acid derivatives. Pesticide degradation was studied in vitro and in vivo (soil). Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. sydowii, A. terreus, Emericella nidulans, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium chrysogenum were isolated from pesticide-treated wheat straw. The number of A. sydowii colonies was significantly promoted by 1 mmol/L pirimiphos-methyl, pyrazophos, lancer, dimethoate and malathion when used as phosphorus sources and by pirimiphos-methyl and pyrazophos when used as carbon sources. The number of A. flavus colonies increased with 0.5 mmol/L lancer and malathion used as the only carbon sources. A. sydowii, A. niger, A. flavus, E. nidulans and F. oxysporum grew on, and utilized, 5 pesticides as phosphorus source and showed more than 50% mass growth. A. sydowii, A. flavus and F. oxysporum phosphatase hydrolyzed the pesticides suggesting that these species are important pesticide degraders. A. sydowii produced higher amounts of the phosphatase than A. flavus and F. oxysporum. The enzyme was highly active against pyrazophos, lancer and malathion used as the only sources of organic phosphate. A. flavus and A. sydowii phosphatases efficiently hydrolyzed pesticides at 300 ppm in soil, the degradation at 1000 ppm was lower. Mineralization of 1000 ppm pesticides in soil amended with wheat straw was higher than in nonamended soil. All added pesticides except profenfos were degraded within 3 weeks. Lyophilized adapted biomass of A. flavus and A. sydowii could thus be used for field biodegradation of these pesticides.

• MeSH
• Aspergillus růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• fosfatasy metabolismus   MeSH
• insekticidy metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus   MeSH
• organofosfáty metabolismus   MeSH
• pšenice mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfatasy MeSH
• insekticidy MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• organofosfáty MeSH

In this work, we evaluated the valorisation of agricultural waste materials by transforming coconut husks and shells, corncobs and rice straw into biochar for water treatment in aquaculture. We compared the biochars' suitability for removal of organic micropollutants (acetaminophen, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, atrazine, diuron and diclofenac) from surface water needed for aquaculture. The biochars were prepared by three methods ranging from inexpensive drum kilns (200 °C) to pyrolysis with biogasfication (350-750 °C). Overall, antibiotics tetracycline and enrofloxacin were the most strongly sorbed micropollutants, and coconut husk biochar prepared at 750 °C was the best sorbent material. Molecular Dynamics simulations indicated that the major sorption mechanism is via π-π stacking interactions and there is a possibility of multilayer sorption for some of the micropollutants. We observed, a strong impact of ionic strength (salinity), which is an important consideration in coastal aquaculture applications. High salinity decreased the sorption for antibiotics oxytetracycline, tetracycline and enrofloxacin but increased diclofenac, atrazine and diuron sorption. We considered coconut husk biochar produced in drum kilns the most practical option for biochar applications in small-scale coastal aquacultures in South Asia. Pilot trials of canal water filtration at an aquaculture farm revealed that micropollutant sorption by coconut husk biochar under real-world conditions might be 10-500 times less than observed in the laboratory studies. Even so, biochar amendment of sand enhanced the micropollutant retention, which may facilitate subsequent biodegradation and improve the quality of brackish surface water used for food production in coastal aquaculture.

• Klíčová slova
• Agricultural waste, Aquaculture, Biochar, Micropollutants, Molecular dynamics simulations, Sorption,
• MeSH
• adsorpce MeSH
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí MeSH
• simulace molekulární dynamiky * MeSH
• voda * MeSH
• vodní hospodářství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biochar MeSH Prohlížeč
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí MeSH
• voda * MeSH