Marine plankton support global biological and geochemical processes. Surveys of their biodiversity have hitherto been geographically restricted and have not accounted for the full range of plankton size. We assessed eukaryotic diversity from 334 size-fractionated photic-zone plankton communities collected across tropical and temperate oceans during the circumglobal Tara Oceans expedition. We analyzed 18S ribosomal DNA sequences across the intermediate plankton-size spectrum from the smallest unicellular eukaryotes (protists, >0.8 micrometers) to small animals of a few millimeters. Eukaryotic ribosomal diversity saturated at ~150,000 operational taxonomic units, about one-third of which could not be assigned to known eukaryotic groups. Diversity emerged at all taxonomic levels, both within the groups comprising the ~11,200 cataloged morphospecies of eukaryotic plankton and among twice as many other deep-branching lineages of unappreciated importance in plankton ecology studies. Most eukaryotic plankton biodiversity belonged to heterotrophic protistan groups, particularly those known to be parasites or symbiotic hosts.

Aix Marseille Université CNRS IGS UMR 7256 13288 Marseille France

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences East Boothbay ME 04544 USA National Science Foundation Arlington VA 22230 USA

Center for the Biology of Disease VIB Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium Ecole Normale Supérieure Institut de Biologie de l'ENS and Inserm U1024 and CNRS UMR 8197 Paris F 75005 France

CNRS FR2424 Roscoff Culture Collection Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier 29680 Roscoff France Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris 06 FR 2424 Roscoff Culture Collection Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier 29680 Roscoff France

CNRS FR3631 Institut de Biologie Paris Seine F 75005 Paris France Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris 06 Institut de Biologie Paris Seine F 75005 Paris France Ecole Normale Supérieure Institut de Biologie de l'ENS Paris 06 UMR 7144 Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier 29680 Roscoff France

CNRS UMR 7093 Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche sur Mer Observatoire Océanologique F 06230 Villefranche sur Mer France Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris 06 UMR 7093 LOV Observatoire Océanologique F 06230 Villefranche sur Mer France

CNRS UMR 7144 Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier 29680 Roscoff France Sorbonne Universités Université Pierre et Marie Curie and Inserm U1024 and CNRS UMR 8197 Paris F 75005 France

CNRS UMR 7144 Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier 29680 Roscoff France Sorbonne Universités Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR 7144 Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier 29680 Roscoff France

CNRS UMR 7232 Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins UPMC Avenue du Fontaulé 66650 Banyuls sur Mer France

Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Institut de Génomique GENOSCOPE 2 rue Gaston Crémieux 91000 Evry France

Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Institut de Génomique GENOSCOPE 2 rue Gaston Crémieux 91000 Evry France CNRS UMR 8030 CP5706 Evry France Université d'Evry UMR 8030 CP5706 Evry France

Department of Ecology University of Kaiserslautern Erwin Schroedinger Street 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany

Department of Ecology University of Kaiserslautern Erwin Schroedinger Street 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany CNRS UMR 7144 Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier 29680 Roscoff France Sorbonne Universités Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR 7144 Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier 29680 Roscoff France

Department of Geosciences Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Place Copernic 29820 Plouzané France

Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography Institute of Marine Science Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37 49 Barcelona E08003 Spain

Department of Microbiology and Immunology Rega Institute KU Leuven Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease VIB Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium Department of Applied Biological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium

Directors' Research EMBL Meyerhofstraße 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany Ecole Normale Supérieure Institut de Biologie de l'ENS and Inserm U1024 and CNRS UMR 8197 Paris F 75005 France

Ecole Normale Supérieure Institut de Biologie de l'ENS and Inserm U1024 and CNRS UMR 8197 Paris F 75005 France

Ifremer Centre de Brest DYNECO Pelagos CS 10070 29280 Plouzané France

Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Gokasho Uji Kyoto 611 0011 Japan

Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic Canadian Institute for Advanced Research 180 Dundas Street West Suite 1400 Toronto Ontario M5G 1Z8 Canada

Laboratory of Soil Biology University of Neuchâtel Rue Emile Argand 11 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland

MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences University of Bremen 28359 Bremen Germany CNRS UMR 7144 Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier 29680 Roscoff France Sorbonne Universités Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR 7144 Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier 29680 Roscoff France

PANGAEA Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science University of Bremen Bremen Germany MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences University of Bremen 28359 Bremen Germany

Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Villa Comunale 80121 Naples Italy

Structural and Computational Biology European Molecular Biology Laboratory Meyerhofstraße 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany

Structural and Computational Biology European Molecular Biology Laboratory Meyerhofstraße 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany Directors' Research EMBL Meyerhofstraße 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany

Structural and Computational Biology European Molecular Biology Laboratory Meyerhofstraße 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine 13092 Berlin Germany

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