Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs in all areas of the environment, including the food chain. In the body, it causes oxidative stress by producing free radicals that are harmful to the cells. Grape seed extract (GSE) contains a wide range of biologically active components that help to neutralize the adverse effects of free radicals. In this study, the effects of GSE prepared form semi-resistant grapevine cultivar Cerason, which is rich in phenolics, on biochemical markers of brown rats exposed to the effects of cadmium were monitored. GSE increased the plasma antioxidant activity and, in the kidneys and the liver, Cd content was significantly lowered by GSE co-administration. Accordingly, the increase in creatinine content and alanine aminotransferase activity and the decrease of catalase and superoxide dismutase activities caused by cadmium were slowed down by GSE co-administration. The results of this work reveal that grape seed extract offers a protective effect against the intake of heavy metals into the organism.
- MeSH
- alanintransaminasa krev MeSH
- antioxidancia analýza MeSH
- aspartátaminotransferasy krev MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- extrakt ze semen vinné révy farmakologie MeSH
- fytonutrienty analýza MeSH
- játra účinky léků enzymologie metabolismus MeSH
- kadmium krev MeSH
- katalasa metabolismus MeSH
- kreatinin krev MeSH
- ledviny účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- metalothionein metabolismus MeSH
- močovina krev MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- semena rostlinná chemie MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa metabolismus MeSH
- zdraví * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
MAIN CONCLUSION: The level of resistance induced in different tomato genotypes after β-CRY treatment correlated with the upregulation of defence genes, but not sterol binding and involved ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling. Elicitins, a family of small proteins secreted by Phytophthora and Pythium spp., are the most well-known microbe-associated molecular patterns of oomycetes, a lineage of fungus-like organisms that include many economically significant crop pathogens. The responses of tomato plants to elicitin INF1 produced by Phytophthora infestans have been studied extensively. Here, we present studies on the responses of three tomato genotypes to β-cryptogein (β-CRY), a potent elicitin secreted by Phytophthora cryptogea that induces hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in tobacco plants and confers greater resistance to oomycete infection than acidic elicitins like INF1. We also studied β-CRY mutants impaired in sterol binding (Val84Phe) and interaction with the binding site on tobacco plasma membrane (Leu41Phe), because sterol binding was suggested to be important in INF1-induced resistance. Treatment with β-CRY or the Val84Phe mutant induced resistance to powdery mildew caused by the pathogen Pseudoidium neolycopersici, but not the HR cell death observed in tobacco and potato plants. The level of resistance induced in different tomato genotypes correlated with the upregulation of defence genes including defensins, β-1,3-glucanases, heveins, chitinases, osmotins, and PR1 proteins. Treatment with the Leu41Phe mutant did not induce this upregulation, suggesting similar elicitin recognition in tomato and tobacco. However, here β-CRY activated ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling, but not salicylic acid signalling, demonstrating that elicitins activate different downstream signalling processes in different plant species. This could potentially be exploited to enhance the resistance of Phytophthora-susceptible crops.
- MeSH
- cyklopentany metabolismus MeSH
- ethyleny metabolismus MeSH
- fungální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- kyselina salicylová metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- oxylipiny metabolismus MeSH
- peroxid vodíku metabolismus MeSH
- Phytophthora MeSH
- Pythium MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum metabolismus mikrobiologie fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring nonsteroidal phenolic plant compounds that, due to their molecular structure and size, resemble vertebrate steroids estrogens. This review is focused on plant flavonoids isoflavones, which are ranked among the most estrogenic compounds. The main dietary sources of isoflavones for humans are soybean and soybean products, which contain mainly daidzein and genistein. When they are consumed, they exert estrogenic and/or antiestrogenic effects. Isoflavones are considered chemoprotective and can be used as an alternative therapy for a wide range of hormonal disorders, including several cancer types, namely breast cancer and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, or menopausal symptoms. On the other hand, isoflavones may also be considered endocrine disruptors with possible negative influences on the state of health in a certain part of the population or on the environment. This review deals with isoflavone classification, structure, and occurrence, with their metabolism, biological, and health effects in humans and animals, and with their utilization and potential risks.
- MeSH
- equol chemie klasifikace metabolismus MeSH
- fytoestrogeny chemie klasifikace metabolismus MeSH
- genistein chemie klasifikace metabolismus MeSH
- isoflavony chemie klasifikace metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The aim of this study was to determine the degradation of dietary isoflavones in rumen fluid under 2 feeding regimens. The experiments were performed in vitro using a rumen fluid buffer system. The rumen fluid was taken from cows fed either a hay diet or a concentrate-rich diet (the diet consisted of 34.6% maize silage, 17.6% haylage, 12.8% alfalfa hay, and 35.0% supplemental mixture on a dry matter basis). As a source of isoflavones, 40% soybean extract (Biomedica, Prague, Czech Republic) at levels of 5, 25, 50, and 75 mg per 40 mL of rumen fluid was used. Samples of soybean extract were incubated in triplicate at 39°C for 0, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 24.0 h in incubation solution. The metabolism of daidzein and genistein was faster under concentrate-rich diet conditions. In general, production of equol started after 3 to 6 h of incubation and reached the highest rate after approximately 12 h of incubation regardless of the type of diet or concentration of extract. In most of the experiments, production of equol continued after 24 h of incubation. Generally, equol production was greater under the hay diet conditions. Furthermore, experiments with higher amounts of added soybean extract revealed possible inhibitory effects of high levels of isoflavones on the rumen microflora.
- MeSH
- bachor metabolismus MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- isoflavony aplikace a dávkování analýza metabolismus MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata MeSH
- laktace MeSH
- siláž MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Background and Aims: Current strategies for increased crop protection of susceptible tomato plants against pathogen infections include treatment with synthetic chemicals, application of natural pathogen-derived compounds or transfer of resistance genes from wild tomato species within breeding programmes. In this study, a series of 45 genes potentially involved in defence mechanisms was retrieved from the genome sequence of inbred reference tomato cultivar Solanum lycopersicum 'Heinz 1706'. The aim of the study was to analyse expression of these selected genes in wild and cultivated tomato plants contrasting in resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Oidium neolycopersici , the causative agent of powdery mildew. Plants were treated either solely with potential resistance inducers or by inducers together with the pathogen. Methods: The resistance against O. neolycopersici infection as well as RT-PCR-based analysis of gene expression in response to the oomycete elicitor oligandrin and chemical agent β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) were investigated in the highly susceptible domesticated inbred genotype Solanum lycopersicum 'Amateur' and resistant wild genotype Solanum habrochaites . Key Results: Differences in basal expression levels of defensins, germins, β-1,3-glucanases, heveins, chitinases, osmotins and PR1 proteins in non-infected and non-elicited plants were observed between the highly resistant and susceptible genotypes. Moreover, these defence genes showed an extensive up-regulation following O. neolycopersici infection in both genotypes. Application of BABA and elicitin induced expression of multiple defence-related transcripts and, through different mechanisms, enhanced resistance against powdery mildew in the susceptible tomato genotype. Conclusions: The results indicate that non-specific resistance in the resistant genotype S. habrochaites resulted from high basal levels of transcripts with proven roles in defence processes. In the susceptible genotype S. lycopersicum 'Amateur', oligandrin- and BABA-induced resistance involved different signalling pathways, with BABA-treated leaves displaying direct activation of the ethylene-dependent signalling pathway, in contrast to previously reported jasmonic acid-mediated signalling for elicitins.
- MeSH
- aminobutyráty farmakologie MeSH
- Ascomycota fyziologie MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- nemoci rostlin imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- odolnost vůči nemocem MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- seskviterpeny farmakologie MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum genetika imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- Solanum genetika imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- upregulace MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Although plants are exposed to a great number of pathogens, they usually defend themselves by triggering mechanisms able to limit disease development. Alongside signalling events common to most such incompatible interactions, modifications of plasma membrane (PM) physical properties could be new players in the cell transduction cascade. Different pairs of elicitors (cryptogein, oligogalacturonides, and flagellin) and plant cells (tobacco and Arabidopsis) were used to address the issue of possible modifications of plant PM biophysical properties induced by elicitors and their links to other events of the defence signalling cascade. We observed an increase of PM order whatever the elicitor/plant cell pair used, provided that a signalling cascade was induced. Such membrane modification is dependent on the NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, cryptogein, which is the sole elicitor able to trap sterols, is also the only one able to trigger an increase in PM fluidity. The use of cryptogein variants with altered sterol-binding properties confirms the strong correlation between sterol removal from the PM and PM fluidity enhancement. These results propose PM dynamics as a player in early signalling processes triggered by elicitors of plant defence.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis fyziologie MeSH
- buněčná membrána metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- fluidita membrány fyziologie MeSH
- fluorescenční mikroskopie MeSH
- fluorescenční spektrometrie MeSH
- konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
- nemoci rostlin MeSH
- odolnost vůči nemocem fyziologie MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce fyziologie MeSH
- tabák fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Various base lesions continuously form in cellular nucleic acids and the unrepaired lesions are promutagenic and procarcinogenic. Though natural base lesions have been extensively studied in double-stranded DNA models, these studies are only less than a decade old for non-canonical DNA models, such as quadruplexes. Here we present a report on the effects of three frequently occurring natural lesions that can form in the TTA loops on the structure of the human telomere quadruplex d[AG3(TTAG3)3]. We compared the effect of the abasic site and 8-oxoadenine replacing adenine and 5-hydroxymethyluracil substituting for thymine. The results showed that the three lesions impacted the stability and quadruplex folding in markedly different ways. The effects depended on the type of lesion and the position in the sequence. Analogous lesions of guanine in the G-tetrads extensively destabilized the quadruplex and the effects depended more on the position than on the type of lesion. The distinct effects of the loop substitutions as well as comparison of the modifications of the loops and the quadruplex tetrads are discussed in this communication.
FerB is a cytoplasmic flavoprotein from the soil bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans with a putative role in defense against oxidative stress. To further explore this hypothesis, we compared protein variations upon methyl viologen treatment in wild-type and FerB mutant strains by a quantitative proteomic analysis based on iTRAQ-3DLC-MS/MS analysis. The proteins showing the most prominent increase in abundance were assigned to carbon fixation and sulfur assimilatory pathways. By employing these proteins as indirect markers, oxidative stress was found to be 15% less severe in the wild-type than in the FerB-deficient mutant cells. Oxidative stress altered the levels of proteins whose expression is dependent on the transcriptional factor FnrP. The observed down-regulation of the fnrP regulon members, most notably that of nitrous oxide reductase, was tentatively explained by an oxidative degradation of the [4Fe-4S] center of FnrP leading to a protein form which no longer activates transcription. While the level of FerB remained relatively constant, two proteins homologous to FerB accumulated during oxidative stress. When their genes were expressed in Escherichia coli, neither of the protein products contained a bound flavin, whereas they both had a high activity of flavin reductase, one preferentially utilizing NADH and the other NADPH.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- flavoproteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků genetika MeSH
- Paracoccus denitrificans genetika metabolismus MeSH
- paraquat farmakologie MeSH
- proteomika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u bakterií účinky léků genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
In contrast to iron-oxidizing Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, A. ferrooxidans from a stationary phase elemental sulfur-oxidizing culture exhibited a lag phase in pyrite oxidation, which is similar to its behaviour during ferrous iron oxidation. The ability of elemental sulfur-oxidizing A. ferrooxidans to immediately oxidize ferrous iron or pyrite without a lag phase was only observed in bacteria obtained from growing cultures with elemental sulfur. However, these cultures that shifted to ferrous iron oxidation showed a low rate of ferrous iron oxidation while no growth was observed. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used for a quantitative proteomic analysis of the adaptation process when bacteria were switched from elemental sulfur to ferrous iron. A comparison of total cell lysates revealed 39 proteins whose increase or decrease in abundance was related to this phenotypic switching. However, only a few proteins were closely related to iron and sulfur metabolism. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR was used to further characterize the bacterial adaptation process. The expression profiles of selected genes primarily involved in the ferrous iron oxidation indicated that phenotypic switching is a complex process that includes the activation of genes encoding a membrane protein, maturation proteins, electron transport proteins and their regulators.
- MeSH
- 2D gelová elektroforéza MeSH
- Acidithiobacillus růst a vývoj metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny biosyntéza MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace MeSH
- genetická transkripce MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- metabolické sítě a dráhy genetika MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
- proteom analýza MeSH
- regulace genové exprese * MeSH
- síra metabolismus MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- sulfidy metabolismus MeSH
- železnaté sloučeniny metabolismus MeSH
- železo metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Capsidiol is a bicyclic sesquiterpene, which accumulates extracellularly in plants, and has been isolated from many types of Solanaceae. It acts as a phytoalexin produced by Nicotiana tabacum in response to pathogens. Capsidiol has antifungal activity and is formed first in tobacco and pepper plants after infestation. The amount of capsidiol in tobacco cell suspension culture has been previously determined by solid-phase extraction and organic solvent extraction with thin-layer chromatography or gas chromatography analysis. A high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection at 210 nm on a C(8) column utilizing both extraction methods was developed to analyze capsidiol in suspension cell culture. The HPLC method was linear in the concentration range of 0.1-2.0 mg/L. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.1 mg/L. Organic solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction methods were compared. Both methods are generally similar in their overall efficiency (82% and 75%, respectively), but eliminations of interfering compounds are different. The relative standard deviation across five extractions of known amounts of capsidiol from plant sample was less than 5.1%. The relative standard deviation across five elicitations of cell cultures was less than 5.9%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of capsidiol was performed, and corresponding mass spectra are presented.
- MeSH
- chemická frakcionace MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty analýza MeSH
- seskviterpeny analýza MeSH
- tabák chemie MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
