Kvalita školského a učiteľského líderšipu významne ovplyvňuje ochotu a schopnosť učiteľov implementovať nové školské programy. Skúmanie fidelity implementácie programov z pohľadu úrovne učiteľského líderšipu umožňuje porozumieť ne/ úspešnosti naplnenia cieľov programov. Cieľom štúdie bolo skúmať efekt európskeho programu univerzálnej prevencie užívania návykových látok Unplugged a kvality jeho implementácie na fajčenie, ktoré udávali školáci bezprostredne po implementácii programu. Školská randomizovaná, kontrolovaná štúdia programu bola realizovaná medzi 1420 školákmi. Výsledky preukázali konzumáciou alkoholu moderovaný efekt programu, efekt pretestu, expozície programu, senzitivity (vyhľadávanie nového) na pravdepodobnosť školákmi udávaného fajčenia. Hodnotenie efektívnosti programov prevencie realizovaných v školskej praxi z pohľadu fidelity, kvality implementácie programov a učiteľského íderšipu, precizuje nároky kladené na vedenia škôl v oblasti personálneho a organizačného zabezpečenia aktivít prevencie.
Monitoring the effectiveness and quality of implementing data-based prevention interventions in real life is a challenge for researchers, teachers and leaders of these programs alike. Qualitative implementation indicators of school-based drug prevention programs are related to the extent to which teachers are prepared to serve as program leaders for their pupils during the implementation phase, how ready they are to cooperate with the school community and reach the goals of prevention programs with the support of their schools. Furthermore, exploration of program implementation fidelity focused on the leadership of the teachers would allow greater insight into the successes and failures of reaching the goals of the respective prevention programs. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of the Unplugged program and quality of its implementation (exposure, sensitivity) on smoking as reported by school children. This was analysed immediately after implementing the program within a Solomon four group design. A school randomized control trial using the Unplugged program was carried out among schoolchildren at 24 primary schools. Twelve schools were assigned to the experimental group (EG, n = 798, n = 401 EG no pre-test , n = 397 EG pre -test ) while another 12 schools were assigned to the control group (CG, n = 622, n = 298 CG no pre-test , n = 333CG pre -test ). The mean age of the schoolchildren was 13.5 years, SD = 0.59; 47.5 % girls. The sample consisted of 1420 schoolchildren in total. The data collection was carried out im- mediately before implementing the program (experimental and control group with a pre- -test) and then in all the groups immediately after implementation. The consumption of alcohol and smoking during the last 30 days (Hibbel et al., 2012) was dichotomized for the purposes of a binary logistic regression in the analysis. Exposure was measured by the attendance of the program lessons (there were 12 lessons in total). Sensitivity (experience of school children with the program) was assessed by the scale YES 2.0 (Youth experience survey; Hansen & Larson, 2005) which was adapted for the purposes of this study (Štefaňáková, 2020). The results have not supported a direct effect of the Unplugged program on smoking among schoolchildren. However, the results have shown a moderated effect of alcohol use on smoking. 30.8 % of schoolchildren in the control group and 19.6 % of schoolchildren in the experimental group reported both smoking and alcohol use immediately after implementing the program. Alcohol use increased the chance of smoking by 15 times. The effect of a pre-test on smoking was statistically significant and the inverted value of OR showed a double increase in the probability of smoking when the groups without and with a pre-test were compared. The effect of the Unplugged program on smoking in schoolchildren was not found to be moderated by the pre-test. A lower level of exposure increased the probability of reported smoking immediately after implementing the program. Finally, an effect was found regarding a higher level of novelty seeking on the probability of smoking among the schoolchildren who had taken part in the Unplugged program. The results support the importance of considering the co-occurrence of smoking and alcohol consumption. They further bring attention to the importance of exposure to prevention activities in relation to program effectiveness as well as the importance of the effect of a pre-test. The findings further show that the dimension of novelty seeking is a great challenge for teachers in the context of drug use prevention programs and that it is important to support this dimension in a protective manner. Finally, an evaluation of the effectiveness of prevention programs carried out in schools which focuses on fidelity, quality of implementation and teachers’ leadership, clarifies and refines the requirements for school administrations regarding the personal and organizational support needed for prevention activities.
BACKGROUND: Developing data-based interventions to address drug use prevention among schoolchildren is critically important because research has consistently demonstrated that adolescence is the main period for experimenting with alcohol and other drugs. AIMS: To explore the changes in 30-day prevalence rates of alcohol consumption (AC) in schoolchildren and to look into the (in-)direct effect of the Unplugged programme as one of the independent variables of an equation that contained the strongest psychosocial predictors of AC at four follow-ups, as well as to examine the moderating effect of gender. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: The study was carried out as a cluster randomized controlled trial with five measurement points (before the implementation of the programmeT1, immediately after the implementationT2and then three monthsT3, 12 monthsT4, and 18 monthsT5after the implementation). SAMPLE: The sample included 1283 schoolchildren (M = 11.52; 46.8% of them boys) from 63 schools. RESULTS: The impact of Unplugged on AC was moderated by a baseline measure of AC at T4 and T5 and a partial indirect effect of Unplugged on AC through descriptive normative belief change was found at T4 among the girls. CONCLUSIONS: The findings obtained generally emphasize the need to make provisions for a baseline AC and gender that can modify the effects of interventions.
BACKGROUND: Health promotion in schools is a highly relevant means for reducing the high prevalence of smoking. AIMS: This study aimed to explore the prevalence of smoking in the past 30 days among schoolchildren during the implementation of the Unplugged drug prevention programme. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: It was carried out as a cluster randomized controlled trial with five measurement points. The data was collected before the implementation of the programme (T1), immediately after its implementation (T2), and then three months (T3), 12 months (T4), and 18 months (T5) after its implementation. The effect of Unplugged was explored after adjusting for gender, baseline smoking, perceived parental knowledge, descriptive normative beliefs, and the perceived availability of cigarettes. SAMPLE: The sample included 1283 schoolchildren (M = 11.52; 46.8% boys) from 63 different schools. RESULTS: The results obtained suggest that the 30-day prevalence of smoking rose from 1.7% vs. 3.0% to 9.7% vs. 8.2% in the experimental vs. the control group over the 22 months. The effect of time on the prevalence of smoking was found to be significant and gender differences were seen to disappear during the period that was explored. Furthermore, a direct effect of Unplugged was found at T4 and the effect of the programme was found to be moderated by gender at T2 and at T4, showing a stronger effect for the girls. Partial indirect effects of Unplugged on smoking through changes in descriptive normative beliefs were found at T4 among the girls. Finally, the findings showed that better parental knowledge about the girls’ whereabouts was also important in preventing smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The findings obtained generally emphasize the necessity of a gender-specific approach when implementing prevention programmes, with particular attention being paid to the school class-based social system, as well as parental engagement in prevention efforts.
Prehľadový článok zhŕňa poznatky týkajúce sa mediačných analýz, mediačných analýz v psychológii, osobitne v psychológii zdravia. Prezentuje informácie, ktoré umožňujú porozumieť psychologickému mechanizmu podielu programov prevencie na užívaní návykových látok. Cieľom článku je prostredníctvom konkrétnych príkladov objasniť mediačné modely v prevencii užívania návykových látok s ohľadom na metodologicko-štatistické predpoklady, na typy modelov a s ohľadom na testované teoretické východiska.
This review summarises current knowledge about mediation analyses in general and mediation analyses in psychology, particularly in health psychology. The article discusses the psychological mechanism of substance use prevention programmes. Using specific exampies, it explains mediation models in the prevention of substance use with a view to methodological and statisti- dc cal factors, the types of models, and the theoretical frameworks under testing.
- Keywords
- mediátor, mediační model, mediační analýza, multiple-step multiple mediator model, single-step multiple mediator model,
- MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Behavior, Addictive * prevention & control psychology MeSH
- Healthy People Programs MeSH
- Psychological Theory MeSH
- Models, Psychological * MeSH
- Data Collection MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Štúdia skúma vzťah rodu, faktorov osobnosti (EPQR-A), faktorov hodnôt (RVS) a užívania legálnych návykových látok najlepším priateľom k užívaniu legálnych návykových látok (fajčenie tabakových cigariet, konzumácia alkoholu) vysokoškolákmi (n=832, z toho 477 žien, priemerný vek 20, 5; SD ± 1,4). Vzťah bol skúmaný prostredníctvom modelu binárnej logistickej regresie. Zistený bol vzťah osobnostných faktorov (extroverzia, sklon k lživosti), faktorov hodnôt (subjektívna pohoda, konvenčnosť), užívania legálnych návykových látok najlepším priateľom k užívaniu legálnych návykových látok vysokoškolákmi. Vyššia úroveň extroverzie, subjektívnej pohody, užívania legálnych návykových látok najlepším priateľom a nižšia úroveň sklonu k lživosti a konvenčnosti bola zistená vo vzťahu k užívaniu legálnych návykových látok vysokoškolákmi. Výsledky podporujú dôležitosť implementácie stratégie rozvoja životných spôsobilosti v prevencii užívania návykových látok vysokoškolákmi.
VÝCHODISKA: Faktory individuálneho, intrapersonálneho, interpersonálneho a sociálneho charakteru majú vzťah k užívaniu návykových látok. Pre rozvoj efektívnych stratégií prevencie je dôležité analyzovať rodové zvláštnosti vzťahu rizikových/protektívnych faktorov k užívaniu jednotlivých návykových látok CIEĽ: Skúmať vzťah faktorov sociálnej inteligencie (spracovávanie sociálnych informácií, sociálne spôsobilosti, sociálne uvedomenie), normatívnych očakávaní a vnímanej dostupnosti k fajčeniu tabakových cigariet/konzumácii alkoholu dospievajúcich chlapcov a dievčat. METÓDY: The Tromso Social Intelligence Scale. Dotazník obsahuje otázky zamerané na skúmanie normatívnych očakávaní, vnímanej dostupnosti a užívania legálnych návykových látor (fajčenie tabakových cigariet, konzumácia alkoholu). VÝSKUMNÁ VZORKA: 3725 dospievajúcich; 51 % dievčat, priemerný vek 14,3; SD = 0,65. VÝSLEDKY: Bola zistená vyššia úroveň sociálnych spôsobilostí vo vzťahu k fajčeniu chlapcov a konzumácii alkoholú dievčatami; bola zistená nižšia úroveň spracovávania sociálnych informácií vo vzťahu k fajčeniu chlapcov; nižšia íroveň sociálnej vnímavostí vo vzťahu ku konzumácii alkoholu chlapcami. Vyššia úroveň normatívnych očakávaní a dostupnosti f é fajčenia a konzumácie alkoholu bola zistená vo vzťahu k fajčeniu tabakových cigariet a konzumácii alkoholu dospievajúcimi s výnimkou nepotvrdeného vzťahu normatívnych očakaváni k fajčeniu tabakových cigariet dievčatami. ZÁVERY: Výsledky prispievajú k poznaniu dôležitosti rozvoja kognitívnych spôsobilostí chlapcov, práce s normatívnymi očakávaniami a dôležitosti znižovania dostupnosti fajčenia tabakových cigariet a konzumácie alkoholu v prevencii užívania legálnych návykových látok medzi dospievajúcimi.
BACKGROUND: Individual, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social factors are associated with drug use. The analysis of gender-specific aspects of the association between risk/protective factors and drug use is important for the development of effective prevention strategies. AIM: To explore the associations between social intelligence factors (social information processes, social skills, and social awareness), normative expectations, and perceived accessibility on the one hand and cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on the other. METHODS: The Tromso Social Intelligence Scale, a questionnaire enquiring about normative expectations and the perceived accessibility of alcohol and cigarettes and their consumption among young adolescents. Analyses were carried out separately among boys and girls. SAMPLE: 3,725 young adolescents; 51% of them girls, average age 14.3; S D = ± 0.65. RESULTS: Higher levels of social skills were associated with boys’ smoking and girls’ alcohol consumption; a lower level of social information processing was associated with boys’ smoking; a lower level of social awareness was associated with boys’ alcohol consumption. Higher levels of normative expectations and perceived accessibility were associated with smoking and alcohol consumption among boys and girls, with the exception of the association between normative expectations and girls’ smoking, which was not confirmed. CONCLUSION: The results support the importance of the development of cognitive skills, especially among boys, a reduction in smoking and the accessibility of alcohol among boys and girls, and the correction of normative expectations in the prevention of legal drug use.
- MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Smoking psychology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Alcohol Drinking psychology MeSH
- Social Identification MeSH
- Social Conformity MeSH
- Social Desirability MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia MeSH
- MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Substance Abuse Detection methods psychology trends MeSH
- Review Literature as Topic MeSH
- Primary Prevention MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Research Support as Topic MeSH
- Intelligence classification MeSH
- Competitive Behavior MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Personality MeSH
- Psychometrics methods MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Social Behavior MeSH
- Social Perception MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Perception MeSH
- Substance-Related Disorders etiology prevention & control MeSH
- Managed Care Programs MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Schools MeSH
- Learning MeSH
- Research MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Intuition MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Behavior, Addictive MeSH
- Substance-Related Disorders etiology prevention & control MeSH
- Managed Care Programs organization & administration MeSH
- Peer Group MeSH
- Research MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
