Prehľadový článok zhŕňa poznatky týkajúce sa mediačných analýz, mediačných analýz v psychológii, osobitne v psychológii zdravia. Prezentuje informácie, ktoré umožňujú porozumieť psychologickému mechanizmu podielu programov prevencie na užívaní návykových látok. Cieľom článku je prostredníctvom konkrétnych príkladov objasniť mediačné modely v prevencii užívania návykových látok s ohľadom na metodologicko-štatistické predpoklady, na typy modelov a s ohľadom na testované teoretické východiska.

This review summarises current knowledge about mediation analyses in general and mediation analyses in psychology, particularly in health psychology. The article discusses the psychological mechanism of substance use prevention programmes. Using specific exampies, it explains mediation models in the prevention of substance use with a view to methodological and statisti- dc cal factors, the types of models, and the theoretical frameworks under testing.

• Keywords
• mediátor, mediační model, mediační analýza, multiple-step multiple mediator model, single-step multiple mediator model,
• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Behavior, Addictive * prevention & control   psychology   MeSH
• Healthy People Programs MeSH
• Psychological Theory MeSH
• Models, Psychological * MeSH
• Data Collection MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: It is established that natural medicines for Parkinson's disease (PD) provide an antioxidant activity in preventing dopaminergic neurons from degeneration. However, the underlying and related molecular details remain poorly understood. METHODS AND AIM: We review published in vitro and rodent studies of natural products in PD models with the aim to identify common molecular pathways contributing to the treatment efficacy. Commonly regulated genes were identified through the systemic literature search and further analyzed from a network perspective. FINDINGS: Approximately thirty different types of natural products have been investigated for their ability to regulate protein density and gene activity in various experimental systems. Most were found to attenuate neurotoxin-induced regulations. Three common PD pathways are involved. The most studied pathway was neuronal development/anti-apoptosis consisting of Bax/Bcl-2, caspases 3/9, and MAPK signaling. Another well studied was anti-inflammation comprising iNOS, nNOS, Nrf2/ARE, cytokines, TNFα, COX2 and MAPK signaling. The third pathway referred to dopamine transmission modulation with upregulated VMAT2, DAT, NURR1 and GDNF levels. To date, HIPK2, a conserved serine/threonine kinase and transcriptional target of Nrf2 in an anti-apoptosis signaling pathway, is the first protein identified as the direct binding target of a natural product (ZMHC). IMPLICATIONS: Natural products may utilize multiple and intercellular pathways at various steps to prevent DA neurons from degeneration. Molecular delineation of the mechanisms of actions is revealing new, perhaps combinational therapeutic approaches to stop the progression of DA degeneration.

• MeSH
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Apoptosis drug effects   MeSH
• Biological Products chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Dopamine metabolism   MeSH
• Dopaminergic Neurons drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Synaptic Transmission drug effects   MeSH
• Parkinson Disease drug therapy   MeSH
• Signal Transduction drug effects   MeSH
• Inflammation drug therapy   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain is a heterooligomeric complex that belongs to the superfamily of heme-copper containing terminal oxidases. The enzyme, composed of both mitochondrially and nuclear encoded subunits, is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it catalyzes the transfer of electrons form reduced cytochrome c to dioxygen, coupling this reaction with vectorial proton pumping across the inner membrane. Due to the complexity of the enzyme, the biogenesis of CcO involves a multiplicity of steps, carried out by a number of highly specific gene products. These include mainly proteins that mediate the delivery and insertion of copper ions, synthesis and incorporation of heme moieties and membrane-insertion and topogenesis of constituent protein subunits. Isolated CcO deficiency represents one of the most frequently recognized causes of respiratory chain defects in humans, associated with severe, often fatal clinical phenotype. Here we review recent advancements in the understanding of this intricate process, with a focus on mammalian enzyme.

• MeSH
• Models, Biological MeSH
• Heme metabolism   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Copper metabolism   MeSH
• Mitochondrial Membranes enzymology   metabolism   MeSH
• Protein Subunits metabolism   MeSH
• Electron Transport Complex IV chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Electron Transport MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Eye Movements MeSH
• Psychomotor Disorders MeSH
• Saccades MeSH

• Conspectus
• Psychologie
• NML Fields
• oftalmologie
• psychologie, klinická psychologie
• NML Publication type
• kolektivní monografie

Příspěvek prezentuje vybrané výsledky řady výzkumů prosociálního chování a altruismu v nouzové situaci. Podrobně se věnuje postupovému modelu S. H. Schwarze a jeho spolupracovníků, analyzuje nejdůležitější kroky modelu. Jsou jimi: a) uvědomění si nouzové situace a její adekvátní definování, b) způsobilost pomoci (sebehodnocení vlastní kompetence v naléhavé situaci), c) navození prosociální motivace (působí internalizované individuální normy, morální povinnost poskytnout pomoc a osobní zodpovědnost), d) anticipace a zvažování pozitivních a negativních důsledků, které jsou spojeny s pomocí, e) obranné mechanismy (mohou navodit redukování pravděpodobnosti intervence, prostřednictvím oslabení pocitu odpovědnosti), f) adekvátní pomoc. Model ukazuje mnohočetnou podmíněnost lidského altruismu, uvádí faktory, jejichž přítomnost může poskytnutí pomoci komplikovat nebo blokovat. Zvláštní pozornost věnuje individuálním normám, jejichž internalizace představuje podmínku k tomu, aby se jako osobní přesvědčení, případně morální princip staly regulátory procesu rozhodování o způsobu chování. Patří mezi ně normy, které zakazují činnosti vedoucí ke škodě druhých lidí, a naopak přikazují činnosti vedoucí k prospěchu a ochraně zájmů druhého, tj. především norma sociální vzájemnosti a norma sociální odpovědnosti. V systému psychické regulace jsou normy individua zakotveny sebe odměnou a sebe trestem. Model klade altruismus v rámci prosociálního chování do úzké souvislosti právě s osobními normami a hodnotami, jež pramení z dané kultury, respektive z kulturních hodnot. Doplňují jej novější empirická data, která platnost modelu potvrzují a v některých aspektech upřesňují a rozšiřují. Klíčová slova: prosociální chování – model krizové intervence S. H. Schwartze – altruismus – nouzová situace – způsobilost pomoci – sociální norma – rozložení odpovědnosti.

The contribution presents selected results of a number of researches of the pro-social behaviour and altruism in emergency situations. It deals in details with a procedural model by S. H. Schwarz and his co-workers, and it analyzes the most important steps of the model. They are as follows: a) realization of the emergency situation and its adequate definition, b) capability of helping (self-evaluation of the own competence in urgent situations), c) introduction of the pro-social motivation (action of internalized individual standards, moral duty of providing the help and personal responsibility), d) anticipation and consideration of positive and negative consequences associated with the help, e) protective mechanisms (which may induce reduction of the probability of the intervention through the mediation of attenuation of the feeling of responsibility), f) adequate help. The model indicates a multiple conditioned nature of the human altruism and it presents factors, the presence of which can complicate or block providing of the help. A special attention is paid to individual standards, the internalization of which means a condition for the possibility that the personal conviction or possibly moral principle became regulators of decision processes concerning the manner of behaviour. They include standards prohibiting activities leading to harm in other people and which order activities leading to benefit and protection of interests of other person, i.e. particularly standard of the social solidarity and standard of the social responsibility. In a system of the psychical regulation, standards of individual persons are anchored by self-reward and self-punishment. The model puts the altruism within the framework of the pro-social behaviour in a narrow relationship just with personal standards and values, which arise from the given culture or possibly from cultural values. They are supplemented by newer empirical data, which support the validity of the model and which refine and extend it in certain aspects.

• MeSH
• Altruism MeSH
• Research Support as Topic MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Helping Behavior MeSH
• Relief Work MeSH
• Denial, Psychological MeSH
• Social Responsibility MeSH
• Psychology, Social MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Isoflavonoids are characteristic metabolites in legumes and an overwhelming number of reports concerning them come from the Leguminosae. Nevertheless, the spectrum of isoflavonoid producing taxa includes the representatives of four classes of multicellular plants, namely the Bryopsida, the Pinopsida, the Magnoliopsida and the Liliopsida. At least 59 non-leguminous families have been reported to produce isoflavones sensu lato; coumestans have been reported in 3 families, coumaronochromones in 3, pterocarpans in 9 and rotenoids in 8 families. Prenylated isoflavones have been found in 15 non-leguminous families and isoflavone dimers, heterodimers or oligomers in three families. More than two hundred different isoflavonoid aglycones have been reported in non-legumes altogether. The number of individual structures is even greater if the variety of glycosides are considered. Enzymology and genetics of isoflavonoid biosynthesis have been studied almost exclusively in legumes, with the exception of a few model plants (i.e. Beta vulgaris, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum and Zea mays). The key step at the very beginning of the isoflavonoid metabolic pathway is the oxidation of flavanone connected with the migration of aryl moiety from C2 to C3 mediated by a CYP450 enzyme isoflavone synthase (IFS), which has been identified and cloned in multiple legumes and in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae). No information is available about the enzyme(s) responsible for the biosynthesis of isoflavonoid core in other taxa. Experimental data demonstrates the capability of numerous enzymes of non-legume origin to metabolize isoflavones as alternative substrates to other phenolics.

• MeSH
• Enzymes metabolism   MeSH
• Fabaceae chemistry   MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Isoflavones biosynthesis   chemistry   classification   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Plant Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Cell Biology MeSH
• Genetic Predisposition to Disease MeSH
• Molecular Biology MeSH
• Neoplastic Processes MeSH
• Neoplasms MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Publication type
• monografie

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most important problems in modern cardiology. Thermal ablation therapies, especially radiofrequency ablation (RF), are currently "gold standard" to treat symptomatic AF by localized tissue necrosis. Despite the improvements in reestablishing sinus rhythm using available methods, both success rate and safety are limited by the thermal nature of procedures. Thus, while keeping the technique in clinical practice, safer and more versatile methods of removing abnormal tissue are being investigated. This review focuses on irreversible electroporation (IRE), a nonthermal ablation method, which is based on the unrecoverable permeabilization of cell membranes caused by short pulses of high voltage/current. While still in its preclinical steps for what concerns interventional cardiac electrophysiology, multiple studies have shown the efficacy of this method on animal models. The observed remodeling process shows this technique as tissue specific, triggering apoptosis rather than necrosis, and safer for the structures adjacent the myocardium. So far, proposed IRE methodologies are heterogeneous. The number of devices (both generators and applicators), techniques, and therapeutic goals impair the comparability of performed studies. More questions regarding systemic safety and optimal processes for AF treatment remain to be answered. This work provides an overview of the electroporation process, and presents different results obtained by cardiology-oriented research groups that employ IRE ablation, with focus of AF-related targets. This contribution on the topic aspires to be a practical guide to approach IRE ablation for cardiac arrhythmias, and to highlight controversial features and existing knowledge, to provide background for future improved experimentation with IRE in arrhythmology.

• MeSH
• Ablation Techniques * adverse effects   MeSH
• Action Potentials MeSH
• Apoptosis MeSH
• Electroporation * MeSH
• Atrial Fibrillation diagnosis   physiopathology   therapy   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Atrial Remodeling * MeSH
• Heart Rate MeSH
• Heart Atria pathology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad1-Rad10 complex is a conserved, structure-specific endonuclease important for repairing multiple types of DNA lesions. Upon recruitment to lesion sites, Rad1-Rad10 removes damaged sequences, enabling subsequent gap filling and ligation. Acting at mid-steps of repair, the association and dissociation of Rad1-Rad10 with DNA can influence repair efficiency. We show that genotoxin-enhanced Rad1 sumoylation occurs after the nuclease is recruited to lesion sites. A single lysine outside Rad1's nuclease and Rad10-binding domains is sumoylated in vivo and in vitro. Mutation of this site to arginine abolishes Rad1 sumoylation and impairs Rad1-mediated repair at high doses of DNA damage, but sustains the repair of a single double-stranded break. The timing of Rad1 sumoylation and the phenotype bias toward high lesion loads point to a post-incision role for sumoylation, possibly affecting Rad1 dissociation from DNA. Indeed, biochemical examination shows that sumoylation of Rad1 decreases the complex's affinity for DNA without affecting other protein properties. These findings suggest a model whereby sumoylation of Rad1 promotes its disengagement from DNA after nuclease cleavage, allowing it to efficiently attend to large numbers of DNA lesions.

• MeSH
• DNA metabolism   MeSH
• Endonucleases chemistry   genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• DNA Repair Enzymes chemistry   genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins physiology   MeSH
• Lysine metabolism   MeSH
• Mutation MeSH
• DNA Repair * MeSH
• DNA Damage MeSH
• Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases physiology   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins chemistry   genetics   metabolism   physiology   MeSH
• Sumoylation * MeSH
• Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases physiology   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

• MeSH
• Cells * MeSH
• Molecular Biology MeSH

• Conspectus
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NML Fields
• molekulární biologie, molekulární medicína
• NML Publication type
• učebnice vysokých škol