Objectives: Generation Z, defined as "post-millennial," is considered to be the first generation that could end smoking. The objective is also to take into account the evolutionary aspect of the smoking and attitudes of the Generation Z. The aim of this study was to explore the willingness of Generation Z in Slovakia to comply with the legislation adopted in the field of anti-tobacco policy and to investigate some selected social factors-intention, subjective norm and percevied behavioral control-that contribute to a lower rate of compliance. Methods: Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data on cigarette smoking among 3,557 adolescents (age range 13-15) in 2016 as well as on attitudes towards tobacco use and control measures were used to explore the level of compliance of adolescents with anti-tobacco regulations in Slovakia within the Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC). We used the concept of intention as explained in Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour (1985), focusing on the role of subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Results: We found a decrease in ever smoking, current smoking and frequent smoking. We found that these adolescents start experimenting with dependence-causing substances, such as tobacco, regardless of existing rules. Conclusion: Adolescents were attracted to smoking, although they were aware of health effects of passive smoking, and a vast majority liked smoke-free places. They are also influenced by their peers and parental models.
- MeSH
- emoce MeSH
- kouření cigaret * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- úmysl MeSH
- užívání tabáku * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Bifurkované ihly používané v Programe globálnej eradikácie varioly. Zaviedli sa v roku 1968 a výrazne zjednodušili proces očkovania. Ihly boli v plastovej nádobke s kónickým vrchnákom s otvorom, ktorým prešla len jedna ihla. Vakcinátor ju vytiahol a bifurkovanú časť namočil do ampulky s vakcínou. V medzere medzi ihlami sa zachytilo potrebné množstvo vakcíny. Následne sa očkovalo opakovanými vpichmi do pokožky. Použité ihly sa vložili do prázdnej nádobky a sterilizovali. Tento postup mohli vykonávať aj miestni vakcinátori po krátkom zaučení. Foto: Prof. MUDr. Tibor Baška, PhD.
Bifurcated needles used in the program of global smallpox eradication. They were introduced in 1968 and significantly simplified the vaccination process. The needles were in a plastic container with a conical lid with a hole, which only one needle fitted in. A vaccinator pulled it out and dipped the bifurcated part in the ampoule with a vaccine. The necessary amount of vaccine was captured in the gap between the prongs. Subsequently, it was vaccinated by repeated punctures into the skin. The needles used were placed in an empty container and sterilized. This procedure could be performed also by local vaccinators after a short training. Photo: Prof. MUDr. Tibor Baška, PhD.
- MeSH
- pravé neštovice * MeSH
- vymýcení nemoci MeSH
- Publikační typ
- úvodníky MeSH
- O autorovi
- Straka, Štefan, 1932-2020 Autorita
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to analyse Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data on a prevalence of tobacco use, indicators of tobacco control and pro-tobacco activities in Czechia and Slovakia between 2002 and 2016. METHODS: GYTS is a school-based survey of students aged 13-15 years carried out in Czechia and Slovakia in 2002/2003, 2007, 2011 and 2016. Standardized uniform questionnaires provided representative data. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2016 the current cigarette smoking declined both in Czechia and Slovakia (from 34.6% and 26.4% to 15.2% and 17.1%, respectively). Indicators of tobacco control activities either did not change (access to buy cigarettes by minors) or decreased (school-based and mass media interventions). Indicators of pro-tobacco activities declined (being ever offered by a free tobacco product and having something with a tobacco product brand logo on it). CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco use is on decline and the situation becomes similar to the most of European countries. Preventive activities are only partially responsible for the process. Rather effect of global trends accelerated by widespread use of social media can play a role.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- tabák * MeSH
- tabákové výrobky * MeSH
- užívání tabáku epidemiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to analyse levels of selected heavy metals: chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb), and to recognize factors related to wells' stewardship. METHODS: The pilot study was realized in May 2018 in three villages in northwest of Slovakia. We analysed 69 water samples from private wells. The data on wells and well owners were obtained by self-administered questionnaire. The samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy with graphite furnace GF AAS (AAS GBC XplorAA 5000 with GBC GF 5000) equipped with hollow cathode lamps. Levels of heavy metals were compared with parametric values for drinking water stated in the Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic No. 247/2017 Coll. RESULTS: The results indicated spatial variability in some heavy metal levels. Cadmium was not quantified in any sample. Copper and chromium levels were below the parametric value. Parametric values for manganese and lead were exceeded in 19 (27.5%) and 2 (2.9%) samples, respectively. Only 18 owners tested water quality. Busyness and financial cost most frequently discouraged users to carry out the water quality analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of heavy metals in well water can pose a serious public health problem, especially in rural areas without public water supply. Education on heavy metals' risks targeted at well owners could increase the awareness of the issue and minimize possible public health consequences.
- MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kvalita vody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- těžké kovy * analýza MeSH
- zásobování vodou MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Analysis of the occurrence of cadmium and chromium in selected samples of fruit spirits intended for own consumption. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In our pilot study, we analysed 89 samples of fruit spirits intended for own consumption. The samples were mineralized with use of microwave decomposition system MULTIWAVE 60 50 Hz and analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace (AAS GBC XPLORAA 5000 with GF 5000). RESULTS: Most of the analysed samples originated from plums (39), apples (38) and pears (5). The average ethanol concentration was 53.7%. Cadmium and chromium were detected in all samples. The highest concentration of chromium and cadmium was found in the apple spirit (31.9 ± 6.6 μg/l and 40.1 ± 8.3 μg/l). CONCLUSIONS: The ethanol concentration in the samples was higher than in distribution spirits. Concentrations of chromium in all samples did not exceed the limit given by the Slovak legislation or the limit of the AMPHORA. The permissible cadmium concentration (10 μg/l according to the AMPHORA) was exceeded in 9 samples. This indicates the potential importance of cadmium compared to chromium. Due to the lack of information in this field, the study presents an important starting point for further research.
Východiská: Užívanie tabaku je na Slovensku rozšíreným verejnozdravotným problémom a predstavuje jeden z najvýznamnejších preventabilných rizikových faktorov chronických chorôb. Cieľ: Práca sumarizuje aktuálne dostupné epidemiologické údaje o užívaní tabaku a jeho zdravotných dopadoch na Slovensku v kontexte verejnozdravotných preventívnych opatrení. Metódy: Prehľadová práca sumarizuje oficiálne odhady Svetovej zdravotníckej organizácie, epidemiologické dáta z projektov Global Tobacco Surveillance System a Global Burden of Disease. Výsledky: Dominantou formou užívania tabaku na Slovensku zostáva fajčenie cigariet. Podľa posledných oficiálnych odhadov v roku 2017 denne fajčilo 27.1% mužov a 15.6% žien, pričom v priebehu posledných desaťročí mierne sa znižuje rozdiel medzi pohlaviami. U adolescentov fajčenie cigariet postupne klesá (15,5% u chlapcov a 18,9% u dievčat v roku 2016) a narastá zastúpenie iných foriem užívania tabaku ako aj elektronických cigariet. Užívanie tabaku sa podieľa na celkovej úmrtnosti 24,4% u mužov a 9% u žien. Závery: V rámci kontroly tabaku sú porovnaní s inými vyspelými krajinami Európy rezervy v prevencii pasívneho fajčenia na verejnosti, podpore odvykania v rámci systému poskytovania zdravotníckej starostlivosti, ako aj uplatňovaní a dodržiavaní existujúcej legislatívy.
Background: Tobacco use is a widespread public health issue in Slovakia and presents one of the most significant preventable risk factors of chronic diseases. Aim: The review summarizes current available epidemiological data in tobacco use and its health consequences in context of respective public health preventive measures. Methodology: The review summarizes official World Health Organization estimates as well as epidemiological data from Global Tobacco Surveillance System and Global Burden of Disease projects. Results: Cigarette smoking remains a dominant form of tobacco use in Slovakia. According to official estimates, 27.1% of males and 15.6% of females smoked in 2017 and the gender difference has been decreasing within last decades. Adolescents’ cigarette smoking has been gradually decreasing (15.5% of boys and 18.9% of girls in 2016) on account of an increase of other forms of tobacco use as well as electronic cigarettes. Tobacco use contributes to overall mortality in 24.4% among males and 9.0% among females. Conclusions: Comparing other developed European countries, there are reserves in tobacco control measures considering prevention of passive smoking in public places, cessation support within health providing system as well as effective enforcement of existing legislative measures.
- MeSH
- kouření tabáku epidemiologie mortalita prevence a kontrola škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Východiská: Užívanie tabaku je na Slovensku rozšíreným verejnozdravotným problémom a predstavuje jeden z najvýznamnejších preventabilných rizikových faktorov chronických chorôb. Cieľ: Práca sumarizuje aktuálne dostupné epidemiologické údaje o užívaní tabaku a jeho zdravotných dopadoch na Slovensku v kontexte verejnozdravotných preventívnych opatrení. Metódy: Prehľadová práca sumarizuje oficiálne odhady Svetovej zdravotníckej organizácie, epidemiologické dáta z projektov Global Tobacco Surveillance System a Global Burden of Disease. Výsledky: Dominantou formou užívania tabaku na Slovensku zostáva fajčenie cigariet. Podľa posledných oficiálnych odhadov v roku 2017 denne fajčilo 27.1% mužov a 15.6% žien, pričom v priebehu posledných desaťročí mierne sa znižuje rozdiel medzi pohlaviami. U adolescentov fajčenie cigariet postupne klesá (15,5% u chlapcov a 18,9% u dievčat v roku 2016) a narastá zastúpenie iných foriem užívania tabaku ako aj elektronických cigariet. Užívanie tabaku sa podieľa na celkovej úmrtnosti 24,4% u mužov a 9% u žien. Závery: V rámci kontroly tabaku sú porovnaní s inými vyspelými krajinami Európy rezervy v prevencii pasívneho fajčenia na verejnosti, podpore odvykania v rámci systému poskytovania zdravotníckej starostlivosti, ako aj uplatňovaní a dodržiavaní existujúcej legislatívy.
Background: Tobacco use is a widespread public health issue in Slovakia and presents one of the most significant preventable risk factors of chronic diseases. Aim: The review summarizes current available epidemiological data in tobacco use and its health consequences in context of respective public health preventive measures. Methodology: The review summarizes official World Health Organization estimates as well as epidemiological data from Global Tobacco Surveillance System and Global Burden of Disease projects. Results: Cigarette smoking remains a dominant form of tobacco use in Slovakia. According to official estimates, 27.1% of males and 15.6% of females smoked in 2017 and the gender difference has been decreasing within last decades. Adolescents’ cigarette smoking has been gradually decreasing (15.5% of boys and 18.9% of girls in 2016) on account of an increase of other forms of tobacco use as well as electronic cigarettes. Tobacco use contributes to overall mortality in 24.4% among males and 9.0% among females. Conclusions: Comparing other developed European countries, there are reserves in tobacco control measures considering prevention of passive smoking in public places, cessation support within health providing system as well as effective enforcement of existing legislative measures.
Ciele výskumu. Hlavným cieľom tejto štúdie bolo hlbšie preskúmať názory a presvedčenia žiakov v oblasti fajčenia a pitia alkoholu s využitím kvalitatívneho prístupu a údajov prierezovej štúdie HBSC (Health behaviour in school-aged children) 2013/2014. Cieľom bolo tiež porovnať variabilitu názorov a presvedčení žiakov z hľadiska rodu a veku. Výskumná vzorka a metódy. Výskumnú vzorku tvorilo 75 žiakov 4 základných škôl. Výskumná vzorka kopírovala cieľovú populáciu HBSC štúdie, teda žiakov vo veku 11-, 13- a 15- rokov. Dizajn výskumu bol založený na kvalitatívnom prístupe s využitím elicitácie formou pripravených pracovných listov a iniciačných otvorených otázok. Metódou zberu dát boli pracovné listy a záznamy tichého pozorovateľa. Výskumná otázka. Aké sú postoje a presvedčenia žiakov ku prezentovaným výsledkom v oblasti fajčenia a pitia alkoholu ich rovesníkov, a aké sú následné odporúčania školákov v týchto oblastiach. Analýza dát. Získané údaje boli analyzované kvalitatívnou riadenou obsahovou analýzou. Výsledky. Participanti majú dostatočné informácie predovšetkým o rôznych negatívnych vplyvoch fajčenia a užívania alkoholu na zdravie a život človeka, avšak neuvedomujú si dostatočne vlastný potenciál pri riešení zdravotných rizík. Výsledky naznačili niektoré osobitosti vzhľadom na vek a rod participantov. Limitácie výskumu. Množstvo a kvalita materiálu získaného od participantov môže byť ovplyvnená nedostatočnou skúsenosťou participantov s diskusnými metódami a aktivitami rozvíjajúcimi aktívny prístup žiakov. Veľkosť diskusných skupín.
Objectives. The main objective of this study was to explore the views and beliefs of school-aged children on smoking and drinking of alcohol, using a qualitative approach and data of the cross-sectional HBSC (Health behaviour in school-aged children) 2013/2014 study. The aim was also to compare the variability of identified views and beliefs in terms of gender and age. Sample and settings. The sample comprised 75 participants from four Slovak elementary schools. The characteristics of the present sample were similar to those of the target population of HBSC study (11-, 13- and 15-years-old children). The research design was based on a qualitative approach using elicitation in a form of prepared worksheets and initial open questions. The data were collected using worksheets and observer’s records. Research questions. What are the views and beliefs of school-aged children about the HBSC findings regarding smoking and drinking and what are their recommendations regarding these issues. Data analysis. A qualitative controlled content analysis was carried out. Results. Participants have sufficient information particularly about the various negative impacts of smoking and alcohol use on health and life in general. However, they do not realize their own potential in addressing health risks. The results indicated some specifics in terms of the gender and age. Study limitation. The quantity and quality of the material gained from participants might be affected by their lack of experience with discussion methods and activities aimed at the development of active engagement. Focus groups size.
- MeSH
- chování dětí psychologie MeSH
- chování mladistvých psychologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- genderová identita MeSH
- kouření MeSH
- kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- návykové chování MeSH
- pití alkoholu MeSH
- postoj ke zdraví * MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- studenti psychologie MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zdravotně rizikové chování * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- O autorovi
- Straka, Štefan, 1932-2020 Autorita
OBJECTIVE: Cadmium exposure is a common problem in the production of nickel-cadmium batteries. However, keeping the respective legislative occupational and safety policies is essential, but there are problems with compliance. We analysed the effect of strategies to increase compliance with precautions during 20132015 on 59 workers at a nickel-cadmium battery factory. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A health promotion program was implemented in two phases. The first phase included comprehensive education on the importance of appropriate behaviour and changes to the sanitation program. The second phase included renovation of sanitary facilities and modernization of the air exhaust ventilation. RESULTS: The initial median cadmium urinary level in workers was 1.9 µg/g creatinine. After the first phase of interventions, levels dropped to 1.0 µg/g creatinine. After the second phase no significant further decrease was observed. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive education and changes in the sanitation program were able to halve cadmium levels and can be considered a useful and cost-effective preventive tool.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hygiena práce * MeSH
- kadmium moč MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nikl MeSH
- otrava kadmiem prevence a kontrola moč MeSH
- podpora zdraví metody MeSH
- pracoviště MeSH
- pracovní expozice prevence a kontrola MeSH
- výrobní a průmyslová zařízení MeSH
- zdroje elektrické energie * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
