Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited devastating neurodegenerative disease with no known cure to date. Several therapeutic treatments for HD are in development, but their safety, tolerability and efficacy need to be tested before translation to bedside. The monogenetic nature of this disorder has enabled the generation of transgenic animal models carrying a mutant huntingtin (mHTT) gene causing HD. A large animal model reflecting disease progression in humans would be beneficial for testing the potential therapeutic approaches. Progression of the motor, cognitive and behavioral phenotype was monitored in transgenic Huntington's disease minipigs (TgHD) expressing the N-terminal part of human mHTT. New tests were established to investigate physical activity by telemetry, and to explore the stress-induced behavioral and cognitive changes in minipigs. The longitudinal study revealed significant differences between 6- to 8-year-old TgHD animals and their wild-type (WT) controls in a majority of the tests. The telemetric study showed increased physical activity of 4.6- to 6.5-year-old TgHD boars compared to their WT counterparts during the lunch period as well as in the afternoon. Our phenotypic study indicates progression in adult TgHD minipigs and therefore this model could be suitable for longstanding preclinical studies of HD.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
- MeSH
- chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- geneticky modifikovaná zvířata MeSH
- Huntingtonova nemoc komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- jazyk MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- kondiční příprava zvířat MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- miniaturní prasata MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- pohybová aktivita * MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- psychický stres komplikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Recently developed therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Huntington's disease (HD) require preclinical testing in large animal models. The minipig is a suitable experimental animal because of its large gyrencephalic brain, body weight of 70-100 kg, long lifespan, and anatomical, physiological and metabolic resemblance to humans. The Libechov transgenic minipig model for HD (TgHD) has proven useful for proof of concept of developing new therapies. However, to evaluate the efficacy of different therapies on disease progression, a broader phenotypic characterization of the TgHD minipig is needed. In this study, we analyzed the brain tissues of TgHD minipigs at the age of 48 and 60-70 months, and compared them to wild-type animals. We were able to demonstrate not only an accumulation of different forms of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) in TgHD brain, but also pathological changes associated with cellular damage caused by mHTT. At 48 months, we detected pathological changes that included the demyelination of brain white matter, loss of function of striatal neurons in the putamen and activation of microglia. At 60-70 months, we found a clear marker of neurodegeneration: significant cell loss detected in the caudate nucleus, putamen and cortex. This was accompanied by clusters of structures accumulating in the neurites of some neurons, a sign of their degeneration that is also seen in Alzheimer's disease, and a significant activation of astrocytes. In summary, our data demonstrate age-dependent neuropathology with later onset of neurodegeneration in TgHD minipigs.
- MeSH
- bílá hmota patologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- degenerace nervu patologie MeSH
- geneticky modifikovaná zvířata MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- hmotnostní úbytek MeSH
- Huntingtonova nemoc patologie MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- miniaturní prasata MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- motorické korové centrum patologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- myelinová pochva metabolismus MeSH
- nucleus caudatus patologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- protein huntingtin metabolismus MeSH
- proteinové agregáty MeSH
- stárnutí patologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Huntington's disease (HD) is a monogenic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with currently no available treatment. The Libechov transgenic minipig model for HD (TgHD) displays neuroanatomical similarities to humans and exhibits slow disease progression, and is therefore more powerful than available mouse models for the development of therapy. The phenotypic characterization of this model is still ongoing, and it is essential to validate biomarkers to monitor disease progression and intervention. In this study, the behavioral phenotype (cognitive, motor and behavior) of the TgHD model was assessed, along with biomarkers for mitochondrial capacity, oxidative stress, DNA integrity and DNA repair at different ages (24, 36 and 48 months), and compared with age-matched controls. The TgHD minipigs showed progressive accumulation of the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) fragment in brain tissue and exhibited locomotor functional decline at 48 months. Interestingly, this neuropathology progressed without any significant age-dependent changes in any of the other biomarkers assessed. Rather, we observed genotype-specific effects on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, mtDNA copy number, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase activity and global level of the epigenetic marker 5-methylcytosine that we believe is indicative of a metabolic alteration that manifests in progressive neuropathology. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were relatively spared in the TgHD minipig, probably due to the lack of detectable mHTT. Our data demonstrate that neuropathology in the TgHD model has an age of onset of 48 months, and that oxidative damage and electron transport chain impairment represent later states of the disease that are not optimal for assessing interventions.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
- MeSH
- chování zvířat * MeSH
- degenerace nervu patologie MeSH
- deoxyguanosin analogy a deriváty metabolismus MeSH
- energetický metabolismus MeSH
- geneticky modifikovaná zvířata MeSH
- genom MeSH
- Huntingtonova nemoc metabolismus patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- miniaturní prasata MeSH
- mitochondrie metabolismus MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- oprava DNA MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- poškození DNA MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- protein huntingtin metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Huntington disease (HD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine sequence in a gene encoding the huntingtin (Htt) protein, which is expressed in almost all cells of the body. In addition to small animal models, new therapeutic approaches (including gene therapy) require large animal models as their large brains are a more realistic model for translational research. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we describe phenotype development in transgenic minipigs (TgHD) expressing the N-terminal part of mutated human Htt at the age of 24 months. METHODS: TgHD and wild-type littermates were compared. Western blot analysis and subcellular fractionation of different tissues was used to determine the fragmentation of Htt. Immunohistochemistry and optical analysis of coronal sections measuring aggregates, Htt expression, neuroinflammation, and myelination was applied. Furthermore, the expression of Golgi protein acyl-CoA binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3) was analyzed. RESULTS: We found age-correlated Htt fragmentation in the brain. Among various tissues studied, the testes displayed the highest fragmentation, with Htt fragments detectable even in cell nuclei. Also, Golgi protein ACBD3 was upregulated in testes, which is in agreement with previously reported testicular degeneration in TgHD minipigs. Nevertheless, the TgHD-specific mutated Htt fragments were also present in the cytoplasm of striatum and cortex cells. Moreover, microglial cells were activated and myelination was slightly decreased, suggesting the development of a premanifest stage of neurodegeneration in TgHD minipigs. CONCLUSIONS: The gradual development of a neurodegenerative phenotype, ac-companied with testicular degeneration, is observed in 24- month-old TgHD minipigs.
- MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- geneticky modifikovaná zvířata MeSH
- Huntingtonova nemoc genetika MeSH
- jaderné proteiny genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- membránové proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- miniaturní prasata MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- mozek metabolismus MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- protein huntingtin genetika MeSH
- proteiny nervové tkáně genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease is induced by CAG expansion in a single gene coding the huntingtin protein. The mutated huntingtin (mtHtt) primarily causes degeneration of neurons in the brain, but it also affects peripheral tissues, including testes. OBJECTIVE: We studied sperm and testes of transgenic boars expressing the N-terminal region of human mtHtt. METHODS: In this study, measures of reproductive parameters and electron microscopy (EM) images of spermatozoa and testes of transgenic (TgHD) and wild-type (WT) boars of F1 (24-48 months old) and F2 (12-36 months old) generations were compared. In addition, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, hormonal analysis and whole-genome sequencing were done in order to elucidate the effects of mtHtt. RESULTS: Evidence for fertility failure of both TgHD generations was observed at the age of 13 months. Reproductive parameters declined and progressively worsened with age. EM revealed numerous pathological features in sperm tails and in testicular epithelium from 24- and 36-month-old TgHD boars. Moreover, immunohistochemistry confirmed significantly lower proliferation activity of spermatogonia in transgenic testes. mtHtt was highly expressed in spermatozoa and testes of TgHD boars and localized in all cells of seminiferous tubules. Levels of fertility-related hormones did not differ in TgHD and WT siblings. Genome analysis confirmed that insertion of the lentiviral construct did not interrupt any coding sequence in the pig genome. CONCLUSIONS: The sperm and testicular degeneration of TgHD boars is caused by gain-of-function of the highly expressed mtHtt.
- MeSH
- genetické vektory MeSH
- geneticky modifikovaná zvířata MeSH
- Huntingtonova nemoc metabolismus patologie MeSH
- Lentivirus genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- miniaturní prasata MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- počet spermií MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- proliferace buněk fyziologie MeSH
- protein huntingtin genetika metabolismus MeSH
- spermie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- stárnutí metabolismus patologie MeSH
- testis metabolismus patologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Huntingtonova nemoc (HN) je autozomálně dominantní neurodegenerativní onemocnění charakterizované poškozením volních a mimovolních pohybů, poruchami chování a zhoršením kognitivních funkcí. Společně s hlavními motorickými příznaky byly poruchy hlasu a řeči pozorovány u většiny pacientů s HN. Zvířecí prasečí model je často používán pro výzkum v preklinických studiích. I přes zjevné rozdíly v anatomii artikulačních orgánů mezi prasaty a lidmi lze očekávat stejné trendy u patofyziologických mechanizmů s ohledem na chrochtání i lidskou fonaci. Hlavním cílem této studie bylo proto navržení vhodného experimentu, který umožní získání dostatečně dlouhého záznamu chrochtání od co největšího počtu prasátek. Dalším cílem studie bylo zrealizovaní výsledné verze experimentu na celé databázi a vyhodnocení množství a kvality získaných nahrávek. Databáze použitá pro studii zahrnovala 17 HN transgenních miniprasátek a 16 zdravých sourozenců ze stejných vrhů. Testované varianty experimentu, provedené na části databáze zahrnující čtyři prasnice, byly rozděleni do čtyř podskupin: (a) pozitivní – krmení, (b) pozitivní – zvuková stimulace, (c) negativní – bránění v pohybu, (d) negativní – nepříjemné doteky. Hodnocení kvality získaných nahrávek bylo provedeno s pomocí audio softwaru, ve kterém bylo izolováno čisté prasečí chrochtání a všechny akustické artefakty vymazány. Nejlepších výsledků bylo dosaženo s použitím experimentu při kterém: (i) je záznamové zařízení upevněno na tělo prasátka, (ii) prasátko je ponecháno několik minut o samotě v místnosti, aby se uklidnilo a (iii) osoba vstoupí do místnosti a snaží se nabízet prasátku krmivo zatímco před ním couvá. V důsledku tohoto jednání prasátko následuje osobu s krmením, což je doprovázeno chrochtáním. Dostatečně dlouhé (20 chrochtnutí a více) a čisté nahrávky byly získány od 24 z 33 prasátek (73 %). Závěrem lze tedy říci, že experiment je proveditelný. Klíčová slova: Huntingtonova nemoc – chrochtání – transgenní model miniprasat – animální modely – poruchy hlasu a řeči Autoři deklarují, že v souvislosti s předmětem studie nemají žádné komerční zájmy. Redakční rada potvrzuje, že rukopis práce splnil ICMJE kritéria pro publikace zasílané do biomedicínských časopisů.
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the impairment of voluntary and involuntary movements, behavioral disorders and cognitive decline. Besides the main motor symptoms, voice and speech disorders have been documented in a large majority of patients with HD. The animal model of pigs is often used in preclinical studies. Although there are obvious differences in the anatomy of the articulation organs between pigs and humans, the same trends in pathophysiological mechanisms can be expected in both grunting and human phonation. The main aim of the study was therefore to design a suitable experiment that would allow for acquisition of a sufficiently long recording of grunting from as many pigs as possible. The second goal was to perform the final version of the experiment in all available pigs and to evaluate the amount and quality of the acquired recordings. The database consists of 17 HD transgenic minipigs and 16 healthy siblings. Tested variants of the experiment, performed on subgroup of four sows, were divided into four subgroups: (a) positive – feeding, (b) positive – sound stimulation, (c) negative – hindering in movement, (d) negative – unpleasant touch. The evaluation of the quality of the elicited recording was performed using audio software where pure pig grunting was selected and all acoustic artefacts deleted. The best results were reached using the experiment in which: (i) a recording device is put on the pig's body, (ii) the pig is left alone for few minutes in the pen in order to calm down, and (iii) a person enters the room and tries to offer the pig food while walking backwards. As a result, the pig follows the person and grunts. Sufficiently long (20 single grunts or more) and clear recordings were received from 24 out of 33 pigs (73%). The realisation of the experiment is therefore possible. Key words: Huntington's disease – grunting – transgenic pigs – animal models – voice and speech disorders The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers.
- Klíčová slova
- chrochtání,
- MeSH
- akustika MeSH
- audiovizuální pomůcky MeSH
- geneticky modifikovaná zvířata MeSH
- Huntingtonova nemoc * komplikace MeSH
- miniaturní prasata MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- vokalizace zvířat * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
