OBJECTIVES: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness among older adults in developed countries. Although many risk factors are known, the pathogenesis of AMD is still unclear. However, oxidative stress probably plays a vital role in the process of AMD. The increasing prevalence of AMD, risk of vision loss, limited treatment of dry form, expensive treatment of wet form, and decreased quality of life are factors that lead to considering modifiable risk factors of AMD, such as nutrition. This is the first study describing the relationship between dietary habits, dietary nutrient intake and AMD in the Czech Republic. METHODS: In this research, a total of 93 cases with AMD and 58 controls without AMD and cataracts participated. All participants were ophthalmologically examined at the Clinic of Eye Treatments at the University Hospital Brno. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-report questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. Food consumption frequency was assessed by an 18-item semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary nutrient intakes were calculated from a 24-hour recall. RESULTS: Patients with AMD compared with controls had significantly higher consumption of legumes and lower consumption of meat products, salt and salty products. In men, we found statistically significant differences in alcohol consumption. The case group consumed alcoholic beverages more frequently (median: 2 times a week) than the control group (median: 1-3 times a month). No differences in alcohol consumption were found in women. In comparison to the case group, the control group had a significantly higher dietary intake of energy (5,783.8 vs. 4,849.3 kJ/day; p = 0.002), proteins (65.3 vs. 52.3 g/day; p = 0.002), fats (57.6 vs. 49.4 g/day; p = 0.046), saturated fatty acids (21.7 vs. 18.9 g/day; p = 0.026), carbohydrates (150.4 vs. 127.1 g/day; p = 0.017), dietary fibre (13.2 vs. 11.3 g/day; p = 0.044), vitamin B2 (1.0 vs. 0.9 mg/day; p = 0.029), vitamin B3 (13.9 vs. 10.0 mg/day; p = 0.011), pantothenic acid (3.5 vs. 2.8 mg/day; p = 0.001), vitamin B6 (1.3 vs. 1.0 mg/day; p = 0.001), potassium (1,656.5 vs. 1,418.0 mg/day; p = 0.022), phosphorus (845.4 vs. 718.7 mg/day; p = 0.020), magnesium (176.5 vs. 143.0 mg/day; p = 0.012), copper (1.0 vs. 0.8 mg/day; p = 0.011), and zinc (7.1 vs. 6.1 mg/day; p = 0.012) counted from a 24-hour recall. CONCLUSIONS: According to FFQ, dietary habits in the patients with AMD and controls were similar. In men from the case group, we found statistically significant higher alcohol consumption. According to a 24-hour recall, the controls achieved recommended dietary intakes rather than cases. In comparison to the case group, the control group had a significantly higher dietary intake of energy, proteins, fats, saturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and zinc.

• MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• dietní tuky MeSH
• draslík MeSH
• energetický příjem MeSH
• fosfor MeSH
• hořčík * MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• kyselina pantothenová MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makulární degenerace * epidemiologie   chemicky indukované   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH
• měď MeSH
• niacinamid MeSH
• potravní vláknina MeSH
• přijímání potravy MeSH
• riboflavin MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• vitamin B6 MeSH
• zinek MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• fyziologie výživy MeSH
• nutriční poradci výchova   MeSH
• nutriční terapie * MeSH
• studium vysokoškolské MeSH
• Publikační typ
• rozhovory MeSH

• MeSH
• hygiena MeSH
• podpora zdraví MeSH
• preventivní lékařství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• biografie MeSH
• zprávy MeSH

• O autorovi
• Hrubá, Drahoslava, 1938- Autorita

OBJECTIVE: It is known that total energy intake and its distribution during the day influences human anthropometric characteristics. However, possible association between variability in total energy intake and obesity has thus far remained unexamined. This study was designed to establish the influence of energy intake variability of each daily meal on the anthropometric characteristics of obesity. METHODS: A total of 521 individuals of Czech Caucasian origin aged 16–73 years (390 women and 131 men) were included in the study, 7-day food records were completed by all study subjects and selected anthropometric characteristics were measured. The interquartile range (IQR) of energy intake was assessed individually for each meal of the day (as a marker of energy intake variability) and subsequently correlated with body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%BF), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference (cW). RESULTS: Four distinct models were created using multiple logistic regression analysis and backward stepwise logistic regression. The most precise results, based on the area under the curve (AUC), were observed in case of the %BF model (AUC=0.895) and cW model (AUC=0.839). According to the %BF model, age (p<0.001) and IQR-lunch (p<0.05) seem to play an important prediction role for obesity. Likewise, according to the cW model, age (p<0.001), IQR-breakfast (p<0.05) and IQR-dinner (p <0.05) predispose patients to the development of obesity. The results of our study show that higher variability in the energy intake of key daily meals may increase the likelihood of obesity development. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the obtained results, it is necessary to emphasize the regularity in meals intake for maintaining proper body composition.

• MeSH
• dieta metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dietní záznamy MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• energetický příjem * MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obezita epidemiologie   MeSH
• obvod pasu MeSH
• poměr pasu a boků statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

AIM: Obesity and physical inactivity had already reached epidemic, becoming one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the current level and a nearly three decades' trend of muscular fitness (MF) and the nutritional state of Czech children. METHODS: In 2013, cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted in schoolchildren with examination of the anthropometric characteristics and measured MF using a UNIFIT test, which normative for MF categories was given as results of national monitoring data collected in 1987. In total 896 current schoolchildren (472 aged 8-9 years and 424 aged 12-13 years) were examined from selected children through stratified sampling from the Czech Republic. RESULTS: Against 31% of children from 1986 there were 74% of current children classified as "poor" or "below normal" in the MF category (p<0.001). MF was inversely associated with BMI. Poor posture was diagnosed in 24% of children, more frequently in overweight (OW) and obese (OB) children in comparison to normal body weight children (p<0.001). In comparison to 10% of OW and OB children in 1991, using these cut-off points for body mass index references, the current prevalence of OW and OB doubled (19.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Current Czech schoolchildren showed a doubled prevalence of OW and OB during the last two decades and simultaneously during nearly three decades there were more than doubled prevalence of "poor" or "under normal" MF of children, with overall dramatic decrease of MF in current schoolchildren.

• MeSH
• antropometrie MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nadváha epidemiologie   MeSH
• nutriční stav MeSH
• obezita epidemiologie   MeSH
• postura těla fyziologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• tělesná výkonnost fyziologie   MeSH
• zátěžový test MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Research on physical activity in relation to obesity gradually becomes more focused on environmental determinants, which can potentially influence people's health choices. The present article addresses the topic of physical activity from a wider sociological perspective. Our pilot study was designed with the objective of testing the applicability of a method included in the EC 6th Framework Programme EURO-PREVOB, in the Czech context. The method examines specific determinants of the built environment that can have an impact on physical activity at the population level. In addition, the study aims to analyze possible differences in built environment indicators and their relation to the physical activity of people living in neighbourhoods with areas of varying socioeconomic status. METHODS: The field study was carried out in the city of Brno, Czech Republic, in 5 neighbourhood quintiles, i.e. areas divided according to the socioeconomic status of local residents. In each quintile, we evaluated the quality of the built environment according to the quality, aesthetics and safety of segregated cycle facilities, playgrounds/playing areas, public open spaces, marked road crossings and pavements as well as signs of incivilities and devastation. RESULTS: Between the five quintiles, significant differences were found in the quality of parks and playgrounds/playing areas, pavements, marking of pedestrian crossings, and in general aesthetics, i.e. signs of incivilities and devastation of the built environment. No differences were found in the quality and use of cycle facilities. CONCLUSIONS: The method we used for the evaluation of the built environment proved highly applicable in Czech populated areas. Monitoring of built environment indicators in the Czech Republic should provide a basis for health maps, showing potential associations between the prevalence of high-incidence, non-infectious diseases and various social determinants of physical activity. This information might help in achieving an improvement in these determinants at a community level and promoting an increase in physical activity at the population level.

• MeSH
• charakteristiky bydlení MeSH
• estetika MeSH
• hra a hračky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• pohybová aktivita * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• životní prostředí - projekt * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Osteoporóza je onemocnění označované jako „tichý zloděj kostí" a definované jako systémové metabolické onemocnění kostry charakterizované poruchou mechanické odolnosti kosti a v důsledku toho zvýšeným rizikem zlomenin (nejčastěji zlomeniny těl obratlů, krčku kosti stehenní a tzv. Collesova zlomenina v oblasti zápěstí). Stoupající výskyt osteoporózy je částečně vysvětlován zvyšováním průměrného věku populace, který je současně podporován následky moderního způsobu života. Prevence bývá zaměřována nejčastěji na ženy po menopauze. Jde však o prevenci sekundární. Primární prevence začíná v dětství a dospívání, neboť v tomto období se vytváří kostní tkáň a návyky životního stylu, které kvalitu kostí v průběhu života ovlivňují. Již v roce 1977 Drugay definoval osteoporózu jako dětskou nemoc s geriatrickými následky.

Osteoporosis is a disease known as the „silent thief of bones" and defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by metabolic disorder me-chanical resistance of the bone and consequent-ly increased risk of fracture (mostly fractures of the vertebral bodies, femoral neck and the Col-les wrist fractures). The increasing incidence of osteoporosis is partly explained by the increase in the average age of the population, which is currently supported by the effects of modern life. Prevention is being directed to most women af-ter menopause. But it is a secondary prevention. Primary prevention begins in childhood and ado-lescence, because in this period the bones and lifestyle are forming. They influence that quality of bones throughout life. In 1977 Drugay defined osteoporosis as a child's illness with geriatric consequences.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fyziologie výživy MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň metabolismus   MeSH
• kouření MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osteoporóza * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• proteiny MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• směrnice jako téma MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• tělesná námaha MeSH
• vápník terapeutické užití   MeSH
• vitamin D MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

Programy podpory zdraví vyžadují při korektním zpracování nejen popis samotného prvku intervence, který je nástrojem projektu, ale také korektní vyhodnocení, tj. monitoring a evaluaci programu. Monitoring a evaluace jsou součástí sofistikovaného procesu, který má své nepodkročitelné standardy a podmínky, jež je nutno respektovat. Před hodnocením projektu je důležité stanovit konkrétní kritéria hodnocení – podmínkou správně vybraných kritérií jsou vhodně zvolené indikátory hodnocení. Nevhodně stanovené indikátory, které nereflektují cíle projektu a nejsou k nim relevantní, jsou nejčastější chybou většiny programů podpory zdraví. Je záhodno plánovat evaluaci projektu vnější i vnitřní a vyjmenovat její předem předpokládané překážky. Zároveň je dobré navrhnout vnímání obsahu termínu "efektivita projektu" u každého konkrétního programu, případně predikovat zamýšlený poměr ceny projektu k jeho účinnosti. Návrhy programů podpory zdraví by v rámci plánovaného monitoringu a evaluace měly obsahovat jasně stanovený způsob prezentace průběhu a výsledků, včetně závěrečných informací plynoucích z výsledků monitoringu a evaluace. Problematika monitoringu a evaluace programů podpory zdraví, jejich proces a metody by se měly stát předmětem zkoumání a dalšího vývoje v oborech zabývajících se prevencí a podporou zdraví.

For correct processing, health promotion programmes require not only the key element of intervention as a project instrument, but also proper assessment, which means programme monitoring and evaluation. Monitoring and evaluation should follow a sophisticated procedure with specific standards and conditions that need to be respected. Prior to evaluation of the project, it is important to determine specific evaluation criteria; amongst basic conditions of properly selected criteria are correctly selected indicators of such an evaluation. Improperly set indicators, that do not reflect the objectives of the project and are not relevant to them represent the most commonly enacted mistake in the majority of health promotion programmes. It is advisable to plan both internal and external evaluation and to list anticipated obstacles and barriers in advance, in order to define the concept of "project effectiveness" for each specific programme, and attempt to predict a project "cost/effect" ratio. Proposals of health promotion programmes, as part of planned monitoring and evaluation, should include clearly defined methods for presenting the process, course and results of the programme, including the final information derived from the results of monitoring and evaluation. The issue of monitoring and evaluation of health promotion programmes, their procedure and methods should be addressed by further studies and development as part of the agenda of fields dealing with prevention and health promotion.

• MeSH
• hodnocení programu * metody   MeSH
• hodnocení vlivů na zdraví metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• programy Healthy People * metody   normy   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Milk and dairy products constitute an important source of energy and nutrients for humans. Food preferences may significantly influence the actual consumption (and thus nutrition) of people at the population level. The objective of the present large-scale survey was to specify current preferences for milk and dairy products with regard to age and sex. The study was conducted across the Moravia region, Czech Republic, on a sample of 451 individuals divided into 4 age groups: children, adolescents, young adults, and elderly people. A graphic scale questionnaire was administered, with respondents rating their degree of preference for each food item by drawing a mark on a 35 mm line. Out of the 115 items in the questionnaire, 11 items represented dairy products. Data was analysed by means of a general linear model using IBM SPSS Statistics software. Preference for milk was lower in the elderly group than the other groups (P < 0.01). In children, the most preferred dairy product was cream, which was in contrast with the elderly group. Significant sex differences were only found with low-fat yoghurt (P < 0.01). The overall preference for dairy products (21.6) was lower than the average preference for all foods on the list (22.5). The cross-sectional study revealed intergenerational differences in preferences for specific dairy products, which were most marked in case of cream, processed cheese, blue cheese, and buttermilk. The knowledge of these differences might help promote more focused action at the community level directed at increasing the overall consumption of dairy products in the population.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mléčné výrobky * MeSH
• mléko * MeSH
• potraviny klasifikace   MeSH
• preference v jídle * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH