We tested links between social status and emotion recognition accuracy (ERA) with participants from a diverse array of cultures and a new model and method of ERA, the Assessment of Contextualized Emotion (ACE), which incorporates social context and is linked to different types of social interaction across cultures. Participants from the Czech Republic (Study 1) and from 12 cultural groups in Europe, North America, and Asia (Study 2) completed a short version of the ACE, a self-construal scale, and the MacArthur Subjective Social Status (SSS) scale. In both studies, higher SSS was associated with more accuracy. In Study 2, this relationship was mediated by higher independent self-construal and moderated by countries' long-term orientation and relational mobility. The findings suggest that the positive association between higher social class and emotion recognition accuracy is due to the use of agentic modes of socio-cognitive reasoning by higher status individuals. This raises new questions regarding the socio-cultural ecologies that afford this relationship.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce * fyziologie MeSH
- kultura * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) * MeSH
- společenská třída * MeSH
- srovnání kultur MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Asie MeSH
- Česká republika MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Severní Amerika MeSH
Cíl: Popsat strategie zvládání stresu (coping) a prožívaný stres v souvislosti s neplodností u mužů a žen podstupujících léčbu in vitro fertilizace (IVF). Zjistit, zda jsou mezi ženami a muži rozdíly v prožívání a zároveň vytipovat adaptivní a neadaptivní strategie pro zvládání neplodnosti. Soubor a metoda: Korelační studie, 162 pacientů s primární neplodností (99 žen a 63 mužů), kteří podstupovali léčbu IVF v Sanus Pardubice, vyplnilo psychologické dotazníky Fertility Problem Inventory a COPE Inventory. Výsledky: Mezi muži a ženami nebyl nalezen statisticky významný rozdíl v míře prožívaného stresu. Nejčastěji užívali muži i ženy copingové strategie pozitivní reinterpretace, plánování a akceptace, muži užívali signifikantně častěji než ženy strategii zdrženlivost, potlačení a plánování, ženy užívaly signifikantně častěji než muži strategie využívání emoční sociální opory a náboženský coping. U žen i mužů signifikantně korelovala s celkovou mírou prožívaného stresu strategie popření v pozitivním směru, strategie pozitivní reinterpretace a akceptace v negativním směru. Závěr: Nedobrovolně bezdětné ženy a muži v léčbě IVF prožívají podobný stres, užívají ale mírně odlišné copingové strategie. Pro muže i ženy se jako adaptivní copingové strategie ukazují pozitivní reinterpretace a akceptace, jako neadaptivní popření.
Aim: To describe coping strategies and infertility stress in men and women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. To determine whether there are differences in coping strategies between men and women and to identify adaptive and non-adaptive coping strategies for infertility. Materials and methods: A correlational study, where 162 patients (99 women and 63 men) with primary infertility undergoing IVF treatment at Sanus Pardubice completed the Fertility Problem Inventory and COPE Inventory psychological questionnaires. Results: There were no significant differences between women and men in experiencing infertility stress. The coping strategies used most frequently by both men and women were Positive Reinterpretation, Planning, and Acceptance; men used the strategies Restraint, Suppression, and Planning significantly more frequently than women; and women used the strategies Using Emotional Social Support and Religious Coping significantly more frequently than men. For both women and men, level of Global infertility stress significantly correlated with Denial in the positive direction and with Positive Reinterpretation and Acceptance in the negative direction. Conclusion: Involuntarily childless women and men in IVF treatment experience similar infertility stress, but use slightly different coping strategies. For both men and women, Positive Reinterpretation and Acceptance emerged as adaptive strategies, while Denial emerged as non-adaptive.
Most studies on balance training in individuals with Parkinson ́s disease (PD) reported ambiguous effects. Therefore the study aimed to investigate the effect of an attentional focus and severity of PD on dynamic balance. In the study, 31 patients with idiopathic PD in stage I-III, aged 69.6 ± 6.6 years, performed the five times sit-to-stand (FTSS) task two times in each of three conditions: control, i.e., with no attentional focus instruction, the external focus of attention (IFA) induced by the instruction: „concentrate on quick movement of shoulders up and down“, and external focus of attention (EFA) induced by the instruction: „ concentrate on quick movement of the tape markers up and down“ (the markers glued on one ́s shoulders). As a result, the FTSS time was shorter and the number of symptoms of imbalance manifested during performing of the task was lower in the EFA condition as compared to control and IFA conditions. No significant interaction between the focus of attention and severity of PD operationalized as the Hoehn and Yahr ́s PD stage and the risk of falls suggested the generalizability of the effect of focus of attention on dynamic balance across the PD stages I-III and regardless of whether moderate risk of falls or no risk in PD patients. This study also provided evidence that these individuals with PD can adopt task-specific instructions to perform movement skills.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of the present study was to estimate the complex association between Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD), substance use, and other risky behaviours in Czech adolescents whilst providing prevalence estimates of IGD and psychometric information regarding the Czech Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF). METHODS: A representative sample of 3,950 Czech adolescents was recruited through stratified random sampling in the school setting. RESULTS: Disordered gamers showed frequent use of specific substances such as pharmaceuticals, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide. In contrast, non-gamers had higher prevalence of alcohol, cigarettes, sedatives and tranquillisers, and marijuana use. A logistic regression, utilising IGDS9-SF raw scores and average daily gaming time, revealed a U-shaped relationship between gaming and both alcohol and cigarette use. Additionally, conduct problems such as bullying, and risky in-game behaviours were more prevalent among disordered gamers, with the exception of forging parents' signatures. The overall prevalence of IGD was 3.62% (95% CI = [3.1%, 4.3%]), with higher rates in males (5.89%; 95% CI = [4.9%, 7.0%]) than in females (1.45%; 95% CI = [1.0%, 2.1%]). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The Czech IGDS9-SF used in the present study showed adequate psychometric properties. The association between gaming and substance use behaviours may be specific and multifaceted depending on the severity of the gaming-related problems. Furthermore, disordered gamers may become more vulnerable due to a higher incidence of conduct problems, bullying (victimisation), and in-game risky behaviours such as engagement with microtransactions mechanics (e.g., loot box) within video games.
- MeSH
- chování mladistvých * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- netholismus * epidemiologie MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek * epidemiologie MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- riskování * MeSH
- videohry statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Studies from different countries report a stagnation or regression of moral competence in medical students between the first and the last year of their studies, and the value of various educational interventions remains uncertain. METHODS: We used Moral Competence Test (MCT) to measure C-scores of moral competence to determine the change in the MCT C-scores between the first- and the fifth-year medical students from two medical schools in the Czech Republic in the academic year 2022/2023 and to analyze factors associated with the C-scores (observational study). In addition, for the first-year students, we compared the results of the MCT before and after an intervention in medical ethics curriculum (interventional study). We used a cross-sectional and descriptive design for the observational study. Students completed the MCT, consisting of two moral dilemmas (Worker ́s Dilemma and Doctor ́s Dilemma), the results measured by the C-score, which represents moral competence. RESULTS: In total, 685 students participated in the observational study. Objective 1: based on the analysis of the C-score, we observed a decrease in moral competence between the first and the fifth-year medical students (p < .001). Objective 2: we did not observe a statistically significant effect of gender (p = .278), or self-rated religiosity (p = .163). Objective 3: in the interventional study, 440 students participated in the pretest and 422 students participated in the posttest. The test of statistical significance found no improvement in students' moral competence after the intervention (p = .253). CONCLUSION: Medical students show a regression in moral competence during medical education; it was lower in medical students in their fifth year, compared to the first-year medical students without the effect of gender, or self-rated religiosity. Although educational intervention consisting of multiple tools of medical ethics teaching (PBL, CBL, KMDD and StorED) did not lead to increase in moral competence, the longitudinal effect of such intervention remains to be seen.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kurikulum * MeSH
- lékařská etika * výchova MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mravy * MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- studenti lékařství * psychologie MeSH
- studium lékařství pregraduální metody MeSH
- vyprávění MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
This study investigated the effects of quiet eye training (QET) on the neuropsychological functioning and fine motor performance of children with attention deficits. The participant cohort consisted of 106 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) between the ages of 8 and 12 years. The children were assigned to either the QET group (n = 54) or the control group (n = 52). The QET group went through a 5-week intervention in which the performance of blocks of targeting tasks was preceded by watching split-screen video footage featuring the gaze and body movements of a skilled model performing a throwing motion. Both groups underwent pre-test and post-test assessments, which included the reaction test of alertness, go/no-go inhibition test, and motor performance series test. The QET group demonstrated significant improvements in attentional engagement, inhibitory control, and fine motor skills, which require precise and fast visuomotor coordination. These results highlight the potential benefits of QET intervention in ameliorating attention deficits and enhancing fine aiming motor skills in children with ADHD. However, task specificity was evident, indicating that the intervention effects were most pronounced for the hand fine motor aiming tasks requiring both precision and speed.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
As predictive motor control is an important index of neuromotor development and maturation, we developed two touchscreen tablet-based tests of this function. Our aim was to investigate the reliability and validity of both a rapid manual interception test and a pursuit tracking test, using a sample of 124 children (62 boys and 62 girls) from two age groups (7-8-year-oldss and 9-10-year-olds). Participants performed both tablet tests with a stylus (sample rate 100 Hz) with both a visible and a temporarily invisible moving target. Confirmatory factor analyses and omega coefficients showed that both tests were univariate methods that provided a reliable assessment of the latent factor related to predictive visuomotor control. As would be expected, compared to younger children, older children performed better on both manual interception and pursuit tracking. The correlations between the latent factors of the two tests at 95% confidence intervals (-.276, -.608) suggested shared variance. Thus, the touchscreen-tablet based tests of rapid manual interception and manual pursuit tracking appear psychometrically suitable for assessing the neuromotor ability of predictive control in 7-10-year-old children.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- faktorová analýza statistická MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Problem. The paper offers findings about selected educational aspects of chil dren’s academic performance, examined here in terms of sociodemographic variables, BMI percentile values, cognitive test scores, weight bias internalization scale and self concept scale with an aim to detect whether and to what extent these factors contribute to children’s school results. Methods. 557 fifth graders were administered Vana’s Intelligence Test, the Piers ‐Harris 2 self concept questionnaire and other tools. Children’s educational aspects were assessed in terms of school Absence, Grade Point Average, and Czech and Mathematics grades, with data obtained from their most recent report cards under the Informed consent of their legal representatives and in compliance with ethical standards. Results. Prepubescent children from stronger socioeconomic backgrounds suffer from overweight/obesity less often and perform slightly better at school. The present results suggest a link between weight bias internalization and overweight/obesity, and a somewhat weaker link between selfconcept and overweight/obesity in the non clinical population of prepubescent children. In these relationships of overweight/obese children, as in the cases of alarmingly high school absence, gender is an important variable. Mul tinomial logistic regression modelling the relationship between Czech and Mathematics grades and selected factors discovered that chances for a worse grade were significantly reduced by the results of Vana’s Intelligence Test in both the subjects, while the Self ‐concept total score proved to be an insignificant factor. Conversely, pupils’ Czech grades were neg atively influenced by increased BMI (quartile), higher Absence rate, male Gender, Presence of only one parent in the family and WBI, while in Mathematics, in addition to the above discussed, significant regressors only included Absence and Presence of only one parent. Discussions. The results of the Self‐concept total score, the level of which is generally lower in girls than in boys in the population of Czech prepubescent children, agree with other authors’ experience. The connection between the male sex and poorer performance in Czech can be partly explained by the fact that the development of speech, reading, writ ing and grammar is generally less complicated for school age girls than boys. We can ask why a higher BMI quartile increases the chances of a worse grade only in the case of Czech language? So far, we can only speculate about the causes. In our opinion, it is possible that the impact of parents’ education on the performance of children of this age is more pro nounced in the Czech language (compared to Mathematics). The other possibility of the impact of the BMI quartile on the Czech grade is the significant predominance of boys in the o/o group. On the other hand, it should be noted that this argument would not explain the o/o children’s poorer Grade Point Average score. However, we believe that the above reasons answer partially this question. Conclusion. The vulnerability of o/o girls is pronounced in some domains of Self‐concept and Weight bias internalization, while in boys it is reflected in the more frequent oc currence of high levels of Absenteeism, with the precise causes of this being still subject to speculation. In this regard, workers in the cooperating professions should pay continuous attention to strengthening the desirable aspects of education and healthy lifestyle among vulnerable groups of children. Educational aspects of overweight/obese children should therefore continue to receive increased attention.
Cíle . Cílem studie bylo posoudit psychometrické vlastnosti české adaptace Škály hodnocení struktury humoru (HSAS), která měří ocenění dvou strukturálních dimenzí humoru: inkongruence-vyřešení (INC-RES) a nesmyslnost (NON). Hodnocení struktury humoru bylo srovnáváno mezi českým a makedonským vzorkem a dále byla testována invariance měření. Účastníci a prostředí. Byly realizovány dvě online studie. První návrh české verze HSAS-CZ vytvořený s pomocí zpětného překladu byl administrován 145 účastníkům z České republiky. Ve druhé studii vyplnilo HSAS-CZ 346 subjektů z ČR spolu se Škálou potřeby kognitivního uzavření k posouzení konstruktové validity. A dále 562 respondentů z Makedonie, kterým byla administrována pouze původní verze HSAS. Výsledky . Analýza hlavních komponent nalez - la dvoufaktorové řešení, které vysvětlovalo 60,8 % rozptylu položkových skórů a poskytovalo uspokojivé faktorové zátěže. Druhá studie tuto faktorovou strukturu potvrdila. Výsledky konfirmační faktorové analýzy ukázaly, že dvoufaktorový model má přijatelnou shodu s daty (RMSEA = 0,053 [0,034, 0,072], CFI = 0,986, TLI = 0,981). Standardizované faktorové zátěže byly vysoké pro dimenzi INC-RES (λ = 0,62 až 0,79) i pro NON humor (λ = 0,57 až 0,80). Přítomnost konstruktové validity naznačuje fakt, že škály HSAS-CZ byly teoreticky spojeny s potřebou kognitivního uzavření. Vtipy byly shledány vtipnějšími u makedonského vzorku ve srovnání s českým o třetinu až polovinu směrodatné odchylky. Při analýze národnostních skupin byla nalezena přijatelná shoda u modelu striktní invariance měření, při srovnání s modely s méně restrikcemi je nicméně rozdíl v nábojích i reziduálních rozptylech statisticky významný. Omezení . Hlavním omezením studie je použití nepravděpodobnostních metod sběru dat.
Objectives. The aim of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of a Czech adaptation of the Humor Structure Appreciation Scale (HSAS) which measures appreciation of two structural dimensions of humor: incongruity-resolution (INC-RES), and nonsense (NON). Differences in humor structure appreciation were investigated between a Czech and a Macedonian sample, and measurement invariance was tested. Participants and setting. Two online studies were conducted. After a back-translation of the scale, the first proposal of the Czech version of the HSAS was given to 145 participants from the Czech Republic. In the second study, the HSAS-CZ was completed by a Czech sample of 346 subjects. A measure of the need for closure was also completed to assess construct validity. The Macedonian sample comprised of 562 subjects filled in only the original version of the HSAS. Results. Principal component analysis showed that the sum of variance explained by the two dimensions was 60.8%, and the factor loadings were satisfactory. The second study confirmed the factor structure of the scale. The results of the Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the two-factor model had an acceptable fit (RMSEA = .053 [.034, .072], CFI = .986, TLI = .981). The standardized factor loadings were high for INC-RES (λ = .62 to .79), as well as for NON humor (λ = .57 to 80). Initial construct validity was obtained. The HSAS-CZ scales were theoretically related to the need for closure. The jokes were found funnier by the Macedonian sample in comparison to the Czech by one third to one half standard deviation. Finally, a strict measurement invariance model comparing the Czech and Macedonian versions of the test showed an acceptable fit. However, significant differences were found in factor loadings as well as in residual variances.
