Objectives. The study focuses on the psychometric examination of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) in a Slovak translation. Sample and settings. The sample consisted of 1368 Slovak participants (mean age 41.58 years). To assess the questionnaire's stability over time and predictive power, a subset of participants (421 adults) was invited to retest after approximately six months. Statistical analyses. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to assess the internal structure of the MLQ and its measurement invariance across gender and age groups. Item response theory (IRT) using a single-factor generalized partial credit model was applied for item analysis. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was performed to examine the predictive power of the MLQ. Results. The MLQ showed good internal consistency for both subscales, but the CFA showed perfect fit only for the Presence of Meaning subscale; fit for the Search for Meaning subscale was borderline acceptable. Both subscales were found to be invariant across gender and age groups. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between Presence of meaning and subjective well-being, whereas Search for meaning was only weakly correlated or not correlated at all. Longitudinal analysis revealed that the Presence of meaning (but not the Search for meaning) significantly predicted life satisfaction after controlling for personality and emotion-based measures of well-being. Limitations. The limitation of the study is specific sample recruited through a research panel agency based on self-selection of participant.

• Publikační typ
• tisková chyba MeSH

How does psychology vary across human societies? The fundamental social motives framework adopts an evolutionary approach to capture the broad range of human social goals within a taxonomy of ancestrally recurring threats and opportunities. These motives-self-protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, mate acquisition, mate retention, and kin care-are high in fitness relevance and everyday salience, yet understudied cross-culturally. Here, we gathered data on these motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) in two cross-sectional waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which data were gathered in both waves. Wave 1 was collected from mid-2016 through late 2019 (32 countries, N = 8,998; 3,302 male, 5,585 female; Mage = 24.43, SD = 7.91). Wave 2 was collected from April through November 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic (29 countries, N = 6,917; 2,249 male, 4,218 female; Mage = 28.59, SD = 11.31). These data can be used to assess differences and similarities in people's fundamental social motives both across and within cultures, at different time points, and in relation to other commonly studied cultural indicators and outcomes.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• psychologie * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• biografie MeSH

• O autorovi
• Kováč, Damián, 1929-2021 Autorita

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.

• MeSH
• hodnota života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mínění MeSH
• násilí MeSH
• percepce * MeSH
• pochopení MeSH
• pozornost MeSH
• sociální chování * MeSH
• sociální normy * MeSH
• sociální opora MeSH
• vyjednávání MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries (N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subjective status and perceived legitimacy was never negative at any levels of eight moderator variables, although the positive association was sometimes reduced. Although not always consistent with hypotheses, group identification, self-esteem, and beliefs in social mobility were all associated with perceived legitimacy among people who have low subjective status. These findings enrich our understanding of the relationship between social status and legitimacy.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Ciele. Táto štúdia sa zameriava na informovanie o psychometrických vlastnostiach krátkej a extra- krátkej verzie BFI-2 na Slovensku. Súbor. Dáta boli zbierané u všeobecnej populácie dospelých Slovákov (N = 801; 51,2 % žien) prostredníctvom online panela výskumnej agentúry. Analýzy. Analýzy boli zamerané na skúmanie faktorovej štruktúry krátkych foriem BFI-2, rodových rozdielov, korelácie s vekom a predikciu well-beingu ako aj porovnanie týchto informácií s plnou verziou BFI-2. Výsledky. Exploračná faktorová analýza preukázala, že väčšina položiek krátkej verzie bola sýtená zamýšľanými faktormi avšak v extra- -krátkej verzii sa vyskytli aj slabšie korelácie, alebo korelácie s inými faktormi. Korelácie medzi plnou verziou a skrátenými verziami boli silné. V skrátených verziách boli zistené podobné rozdiely medzi rodmi ako aj korelácie s vekom v porovnaní s plnou verziou, čo poukazuje na pomerne vysokú kongruenciu týchto verzií. Skrátené verzie vysvetľovali 88–94 % variability v porovnaní s plnou verziou v rámci predikcie well-beingu. Výsledky poukázali, že skrátené verzie sú vhodným nástrojom v prípadoch, kedy je potrebný krátky nástroj pre meranie piatich veľkých čŕt, no mali by byť použité opatrne a kedykoľvek je to možné, mala by byť uprednostnená plná verzia BFI-2. Limitácie. Limitácie tejto štúdie sa týkajú najmä toho, že krátke verzie BFI-2 neboli administrované samostatne, no prostredníctvom plnej verzie. Ďalšie limitácie sa týkajú absencie skúmania stability v čase, či zhody medzi sebahodnotením a hodnotením inou osobou.

Objectives. The current study is focused on reporting psychometric properties of the BFI-2 short and extra-short forms in Slovakia. Sample and settings. Data were collected from a Slovak general adult sample (N = 801, 51.2% females) using an online research panel. Statistical analysis. Analysis focused on exploring the factor structure, gender differences, correlations with age and predictions of well-being criteria of the short forms and comparing these forms to the full BFI-2 item set. Results. Random intercept exploratory factor analysis showed that most items loaded on their intended factor in the short form; in the extra-short form a few cases of weak loadings or cross-loadings occurred. Part-whole correlations with the full form were strong. Compared to the full form, the short forms also showed a similar pattern of gender differences and correlations with age, suggesting quite strong congruence of these forms. Focusing on the prediction of selected well-being criteria, the short forms retained 88-94% of explained variance compared to the full form. In sum, these results suggest that short forms of the Slovak BFI-2 are appropriate when a short measure of the Big Five personality factors is needed but should be used with caution and whenever possible, full form should be used. Limitations. Limitations of the current study lie mainly in embedded administration of BFI- 2 shorter versions within full BFI-2, absenting investigation of test-retest stability and selfpeer congruence of results obtained by the short forms of BFI-2.

Prehľadová štúdia sa zameriava na konšpiračné teórie, ktoré sú dnes často diskutované najmä kvôli potencionálnemu negatívnemu dopadu na spoločnosť. Štúdia poskytuje prehľad základných psychologických teórií a prístupov zaoberajúcich sa konšpiráciami a definuje základné pojmy súvisiace s touto témou ako konšpiračné teórie či konšpiračná mentalita. Psychologické vysvetlenie akceptácie konšpiračných presvedčení pracuje s viacerými pôsobiacimi procesmi, ako je osobnosť či psychopatológia, vnútro či medziskupinová dynamika, manažment neistoty a kontroly, alebo evolučne dané kognitívne mechanizmy. Možné negatívne dôsledky konšpirácií zahŕňajú agresívne správanie, zvýšené predsudky alebo negatívne so zdravím súvisiace postoje či správanie. Štúdia prichádza k záveru, že konšpiračné teórie sú komplexný multifaktorový jav a dôsledok interakcie medzi osobnostnými, kognitívnymi a sociálnymi faktormi.

The review study focuses on conspiracy theories, which is frequently discussed topic in these days, especially due to potential negative impact on society. The study provides a review of basic psychological theories and approaches dealing with conspiracies and defines basic terms related to this topic as conspiracy theories or conspiracy mentality. The psychological explanations of conspiracy beliefs acceptance involve several underlying psychological processes such as personality and psychopathology, intra and inter-group dynamics, uncertainty and control management or evolutionary based cognitive mechanisms. Possible negative consequences of conspiracies include aggressive behavior, increasing prejudices or negative health-related attitudes or behavior. The study concludes that conspiracy theories should be considered as complex, multifactorial phenomenon resulting from interplay of personality, cognitive and social factors.

• Klíčová slova
• konspirační teorie,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• duševní procesy * MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nejistota MeSH
• osobnost MeSH
• šíření informací * MeSH
• sociologické faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Ciele. Prítomnosť odlišného fungovania položiek (DIF) v psychodiagnostickom nástroji môže indikovať prítomnosť skreslenia medzi skúmanými skupinami. Štúdia je zameraná na analýzu DIF medzi mužmi a ženami v slovenskej verzii NEO päťfaktorového osobnostného inventára (NEO-FFI). Výskumný súbor. Výskumný súbor tvorí 1016 respondentov (40,6% mužov) zo Slovenska, s priemerným vekom 25,97 rokov (SD= 13,42). Štatistická analýza. Pre analýzu DIF bolo využitý Mantelov test v programe DIFAS 5.0, ordinálna logistická regresia a metóda Poly-SIBTEST. Výsledky. Finálne bolo identifikovaných 18 položiek so stredným alebo veľkým DIF, 6 z nich bolo identifikovaných všetkými tromi použitými metódami. Jedna položka vykazovala neuniformné DIF. Odstránenie identifikovaných DIF položiek spôsobilo významnejšiu zmenu v miere rodových rozdielov v škále Otvorenosť voči skúsenosti. Možné faktory spôsobujúce DIF sú diskutované. Prítomnosť identifikovaných DIF položiek nenaznačuje, že NEO-FFI je závažne skresľujúce voči mužom alebo ženám. Obmedzenia štúdie. Limitáciou tejto štúdie je najmä použitie všeobecného výskumného súboru. Ďalšie štúdie by mohli overiť tieto zistenia na vekovo špecifických súboroch.

Objectives. Presence of differential item functioning (DIF) in psychological measurement tools can indicate the presence of bias between groups. The present study is focused on analysing DIF between males and females in the Slovak version of NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Sample and settings. The sample consists of 1016 respondents (40,6% males) from Slovakia, with mean age of 25.97 years (SD=13.42). Statistical analysis. For DIF analysis Mantel’s test in DIFAS 5.0 software, ordinal logistic regression and Poly-SIBTEST were used. Results. The final results show 18 items with medium and large uniform DIF, 6 of them identified by all the methods used. One item showing purely non-uniform DIF was identified. Deletion of identified DIF items caused notable change in scale score differences between males and females in Openness to experience scale. Possible factors causing DIF are discussed. Presence of the identified DIF items does not suggest that NEO-FFI is severely biased against males or females. Limitation. Limitation of the present study lies mainly in the general sample. Future studies should verify these findings on age specific samples.

• Klíčová slova
• Big Five,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• extraverze (psychologie) MeSH
• genderová identita * MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• introverze (psychologie) MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neuroticismus MeSH
• osobnostní dotazník * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• zpráva o sobě MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH