Komunikace lékaře s pacientem je základním kamenem a zároveň i prostředkem léčby. Výrazně ovlivňuje dosažené výsledky, úspěšnost léčby i spokojenost pacienta. Komunikace probíhá v různých rovinách a není limitována pouze slovy. Uplatňuje se řada smyslů a není vhodné se omezit jen na sluch. Článek pojednává o možných aspektech, na které může být dobré se zaměřit, aby komunikace mezi lékařem a pacientem dosáhla nejlepších výsledků.
Doctor–patient communication is the cornerstone and also the means of treatment. It significantly influences the results achieved, the success of treatment and patient satisfaction. Communication takes place on different levels and is not limited to words. Several senses are involved, and it is not appropriate to limit oneself to hearing. The article discusses possible aspects that may be good to focus on to ensure that doctor–patient communication achieves the best results.
- MeSH
- empatie MeSH
- komunikace * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neverbální komunikace psychologie MeSH
- verbální chování MeSH
- vztahy mezi lékařem a pacientem MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The article introduces an original VR-based experiment which explores context-dependent memory recall in humans. It specifically examines the recall of correct and falsely induced semantic memories. With the aid of VR head-mounted displays, 92 students of psychology were placed in a computer-generated indoor virtual environment and asked to memorize the presented lists of words. Afterwards, the participants were placed in the same indoor virtual environment or an alternative outdoor virtual environment and asked to recall the words. The number of correct and falsely induced words was then measured. On average, women recalled significantly more correct words from the list than men, regardless of the environmental context. Despite the assumptions, we did not observe a separate effect of exposure to different environments during learning and recall of material on memory performance. Likewise, we did not detect any effects of the learning context or biological sex in the case of the production of false memories. These results provide a novel insight into previous knowledge regarding the memory processes that occur in virtual environments. Although we failed to confirm the role of context in recalling learned material in general, we found a hint that this context might interact with specific memory processes of biological sexes. However, the design of this study only captured the effect of changing the environment during memory recall and did not address the role of specific context in remembering learning material. Further research is therefore needed to better investigate these phenomena and examine the role of biological sex in context-dependent memory processes.
- MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- paměť * MeSH
- represe (psychologie) MeSH
- rozpomínání MeSH
- učení * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cílem studie bylo odhadnout základní psychometrické charakteristiky české verze metody pro měření pěti obecných dimenzí osobnosti Inter-ational Personality Item pool - Big Five Markers – 50 (IPIP-BFM-50) a její zkrácené verze Mini IPIP-BFM-20. Výzkumný vzorek. IPIP-BFM-50 byl předložen pro sebeposouzení 715 respondentům (318 mužům a 397 ženám) ve věku od 15 do 26 let s průměrným věkem 18,74 let ( SD = 2,77). Hypotéza. Autoři předpokládali, že české verze budou mít srovnatelné psychometrické vlastnosti s originálními verzemi. Analýza dat. Vnitřní struktura byla ověřována pomocí konfirmační faktorové analýzy (CFA). Byla odhadnuta kompozitní reliabilita škál obou metod, test-retestová stabilita byla odhadnuta pomocí Pearsonova korelačního koeficientu. Konvergentní a diskriminační validita byla odhadnuta na základě average variance extracted (AVE) a maximum shared variance (MSV). Schopnost škál the Mini IPIP-BFM-20 reprezentovat celkové skóry z nezkrácené verze IPIP - -BFM-50 byla zjišťována pomocí Pearsonova koeficientu korelace. Výsledky. Potvrdila se přijatelná míra shody s původní strukturou na úrovni položek v obou verzích. Kompozitní reliabilita IPIP-BFM-50 se pohybovala v rozmezí od 0,86 po 0,90 (M = 0,87), test-retestová reliabilita od 0,78 do 0,87 (M = 0,82). Korelace s Big Five Inventory-2 se pohybovala od 0,73 (intelekt/imaginace) po -0,88 (emoční stabilita). Reliabilita Mini IPIP-BFM-20 byla lepší než v původní verzi, retestová reliabilita byla vynikající pro čtyři dimenze a dobrá v jedné dimenzi. Validita byla dobrá nebo vynikající. Byla stanovena obdobná ekvivalence měření pro muže a ženy, jako v jiných nástrojích pro měření pěti dimenzí osobnosti. Mini-IPIP-BFM-20 rekonstruuje z 86% skóry plné verze s 50 položkami. Výsledky ukazují, že obě metody mají přijatelné psychometrické charakteristiky a mohou být používány pro měření pěti dimezí osobnosti v češtině. Limitace. Studie neobsahuje důkazy o shodě mezi různými posuzovateli ani údaje o normách.
Objectives. The aim of the study was the estimation of basic psychometric properties of the Czech adaptation of the International Personality Item pool - Big Five Markers - 50 (IPIP-BFM-50) measuring five basic personality dimensions and its short version the Mini IPIP-BFM-20. Subject and settings. The sample consisted of 715 participants (318 males and 397 females) ranging in age from 15 to 26 years (M = 18.74, SD = 2.77). Hypothesis. The authors expected that the Czech adaptation of the IPIP-BFM-50 and the Mini IPIP-BFM-20 will retain comparable psychometric properties to the original versions. Statistical analysis. The internal structure was estimated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The authors estimated composite reliability; test-retest stability was estimated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Convergent and discriminant validity was assessed by average variance extracted (AVE) and maximum shared variance (MSV). The ability of the Mini IPIP-BFM-20 scales to represent IPIP-BFM-50 scales was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results showed an acceptable fit with the original structure on the item level in both versions. Composite reliability ranged from 0.86 to 0.90 (M = 0.87), test-retest reliability from 0.78 to 0.87 (M = 0.82). Correlations with Big Five Inventory-2 ranged from 0.73 (Intellect/Imagination) to -0.88 (Emotional Stability). Reliability of the Mini IPIP-BFM-20 was better than in the original study, retest reliability was excellent for four dimensions, good for one dimension, validity was good or excellent, measurement equivalence for women and men was established and the same gender differences as in alternative Big Five measures were observed. The Mini-IPIP-BFM-20 shared 86% of the variance with the full IPIP version. The results indicate that both methods are psychometrically acceptable and practically useful measures of the Big Five factors of personality. Study limitation. The self-other agreement was not evaluated, and age norms were not established.
Pediatric cancer can be considered an event potentially leading to posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) as well as posttraumatic growth (PTG). While clinically significant levels of PTSS are rare in childhood cancer survivors, PTG is common in this population. However, the relationship of PTG to overall adaptation and quality of life (QOL) in pediatric cancer patients is not clear. Therefore, our study aims to analyse the relationships of PTSS and PTG with QOL in childhood cancer survivors. In this study, 172 childhood cancer survivors completed measures of quality of life (Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life Scale; child and adolescent version), posttraumatic stress (UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DMS-IV) and posttraumatic growth (Benefit Finding Scale for Children). Correlation analyses were carried out separately for the child (up to 13 years, N = 47) and adolescent (more than 13 years, N = 125) groups and each QOL dimension. In the adolescent group, the relationship of PTSS and PTG with QOL was further verified by regression analyses while controlling for age, gender, and time off treatment. In children, negative relationships between PTSS and QOL were found, but the relationships between QOL and PTG were not significant. In adolescents, significant relationships were found for all dimensions of QOL and PTSS and also for several dimensions of QOL and PTG. The relationships between PTSS and QOL dimensions were negative in both groups, and the relationships between PTG and QOL in the adolescent group were weakly positive. In adolescents, regression analyses controlling for age, gender and time off treatment were performed and confirmed a negative relationship of PTSS with all QOL dimensions except for social functioning. For PTG, regression analyses revealed a significant positive relationship with QOL dimensions of social functioning, outlook on life and intimate relations. While the relationship between PTSS and QOL is negative for almost all QOL dimensions in children and adolescents, the nature of the relationship between PTG and QOL appears to be more complex and changing over time. PTG in children may reflect different processes with different outcomes than PTG in adolescents.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- alergie * imunologie klasifikace patofyziologie MeSH
- Crohnova nemoc diagnóza patologie MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- hypersenzitivní pneumonitida diagnóza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
The article presents an overview of important findings concerning the overtraining syndrome (OTS) in elite athletes. Although the scientific community agrees that OTS is a multifactorially determined and individually variable phenomenon, which can have a serious impact on the individual, there are still some inconsistencies. Therefore, in our study we focused on the terminology of the phenomenon, its prevalence, etiology and symptomatology. We paid specific attention to psychological instruments of detecting OTS indicators. Given that in the period of adolescence the training process in the majority of sport disciplines intensifies significantly, the context of developmental changes during this period in relation to OTS is discussed. The final part of the study summarizes the basic principles of prevention of this pathological phenomenon.
This article aimed to analyze concordance of parent- and child-reported child posttraumatic growth (PTG) following pediatric cancer, the influence of the parents' own level of PTG on the level of concordance and the influence of the parents' and the child's own level of PTG on the parents' proxy reports of PTG in the child. The sample included 127 parent-child dyads. The children provided self-reports of PTG and the parents provided reports of their own as well as the child's PTG. Overall, the results showed poor parent-child agreement on the child PTG, with the parents proxy-reporting higher levels of PTG than the children. The parents' proxy reports of the child PTG were the most accurate at the lowest levels of the parents' own level of PTG. The parents' own level of PTG was a stronger predictor of the parents' proxy reports than the child self-reported PTG. The results suggest that parents are not very accurate reporters of PTG in the child; therefore, their reports should be completed with child self-reports whenever possible.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
PURPOSE: This study aims to contribute to the clarification of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and growth (PTG) in childhood cancer survivors, taking into account the possibility of a nonlinear relationship and using a clinical approach to analyzing PTSS. METHODS: Childhood cancer survivors (n = 167) aged 11-27 completed measures of posttraumatic stress (UCLA_PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (BFSC). Based on the clinical analysis of UCLA_PTSD symptoms, the sample was divided into three PTSS severity groups (no, mild, moderate). These groups were compared in the mean level of PTG. Correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship of PTG with overall PTSS as well as its subscales. The analysis was completed using the curve estimation procedure evaluating linear and quadratic curve fit. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean PTG scores between the three PTSS severity groups and no significant correlation of PTG with overall PTSS score and its clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance and increased arousal). PTG was positively associated with the fear of cancer recurrence. CONCLUSION: We did not find support for the direct relationship of PTG and PTSS but we suggest the possibility of connection between the two through the specific nature of PTSS in cancer survivors and their future-oriented intrusive thoughts overlapping with fear of cancer recurrence. These findings offer a novel perspective for future research on PTSS and PTG relationship.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nádory psychologie terapie MeSH
- posttraumatická stresová porucha psychologie MeSH
- posttraumatický růst * MeSH
- přežívající onkologičtí pacienti psychologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: One of the most widely used instruments to measure depression in childhood and adolescence is Kovacs's Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Even though this particular measure sparked massive interest among researchers, there is no clear consensus about its factorial structure. It has been suggested that inconsistencies in findings can be partly ascribed to the cultural context. The aim of this study was a) to examine and verify the factor structure of CDI in the Czech population and b) to assess gender-related psychometric differences using the mean and covariance structure (MACS) approach and differential item functioning (DIF) analysis. METHODS: The research sample consisted of 1,515 adolescents (ages 12 to 16 years, 53.7% female) from a non-clinical general population. Based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on a random subsample (N = 500), we proposed a model that was subsequently tested on the rest of the sample (N = 1,015) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Following the MACS procedure, we assessed measurement invariance in boys and girls. The between-group comparison was further supplemented by a DIF analysis. RESULTS: The proposed hierarchical four-factor model (General Symptoms, Negative Self-Concept, Inefficiency, and Social Anhedonia) with a second-order factor of depression fitted the data reasonably well (χ2 = 1281.355; df = 320; RMSEA = 0.054, CFI = 0.925). Regarding gender differences, we found no substantial signs of measurement invariance using the MACS approach. Boys and girls differed in first-order latent means (girls scored higher on General Symptoms with a standardized mean difference of 0.52 and on Negative Self-Concept with a standardized mean difference of 0.31). DIF analysis identified three items with differential functioning. However, the levels of differential functioning were only marginal (in two items) or marginal/moderate and the presence of DIF does not substantially influence scoring of CDI. CONCLUSION: In the general adolescent population in the Czech Republic, the CDI can be considered a reliable instrument for screening purposes in clinical settings and for use in research practice. Instead of the originally proposed five-factor model, we recommend using the newly established four-factor structure. The measure seems to show only marginal psychometric differences with respect to gender, and overall measurement invariance in boys and girls seems to be a tenable assumption.
- MeSH
- chování mladistvých psychologie MeSH
- deprese diagnóza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- faktorová analýza statistická MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- psychologické modely MeSH
- psychometrie metody MeSH
- sebepojetí MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
This study examined the influence of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns on athlete burnout and two key indicators of overtraining syndrome (training distress and subjectively perceived sports performance) using cross-sectional (N = 228), short-term (a 3-month interval, N = 93) and long-term (a 1-year interval, N = 83) longitudinal designs on a sample of adolescent athletes. In the cross-sectional analyses, sequential regressions revealed that perfectionism was a significant predictor of athlete burnout and both indicators of overtraining. In the three-month longitudinal perspective, both dimensions of perfectionism (strivings and concerns) contributed to the prediction of change in burnout and sports performance, but not training distress. When the one-year longitudinal relationships were regarded, only perfectionistic strivings significantly predicted decrease in burnout, and, for sports performance, the predictive power of both dimensions of perfectionism was even more pronounced when compared to the three-month longitudinal data.
- MeSH
- duševní vyhoření psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- perfekcionismus * MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- psychický stres MeSH
- sportovci psychologie MeSH
- sportovní výkon psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
