Human chromosome inversions are types of balanced structural variations, making them difficult to analyze. Thanks to PEM (paired-end sequencing and mapping), there has been tremendous progress in studying inversions. Inversions play an important role as an evolutionary factor, contributing to the formation of gonosomes, speciation of chimpanzees and humans, and inv17q21.3 or inv8p23.1 exhibit the features of natural selection. Both inversions have been related to pathogenic phenotype by directly affecting a gene structure (e.g., inv5p15.1q14.1), regulating gene expression (e.g., inv7q21.3q35) and by predisposing to other secondary arrangements (e.g., inv7q11.23). A polymorphism of human inversions is documented by the InvFEST database (a database that stores information about clinical predictions, validations, frequency of inversions, etc.), but only a small fraction of these inversions is validated, and a detailed analysis is complicated by the frequent location of breakpoints within regions of repetitive sequences.
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a highly inherited disease that affects ~0.5% of the population. The genetic and environmental factors are involved in its aetiology and they interact with each other. Combination of symptoms is unique to each patient, the disease seriously interferes with the ability to function in society and affects the mental state of the patient. In most patients, the first manifestations of SZ appear during the adolescence or early adulthood. The hypothesis that SZ origin in impaired development of the nervous system is currently widely accepted. Some studies have identified several genetic and environmental factors that increase the risk of the disease manifestation, but none of them can be considered as the only cause of SZ. The genetics of the disease is complex and in last two decades it is assumed that the cryptic rearrangements could be one of its causes. Cryptic rearrangements (microdeletions and microduplications) are the chromosomal rearrangements smaller than 3-5 Mb. Their discovery was conditioned by the development of molecular genetic and molecular cytogenetic techniques. The aberrations affect one or more genes and change the gene dose. In this article, we present the rearrangements of the regions of human chromosomes more closely associated with the onset and development of SZ. Next, the candidate genes will be presented together with their inclusion in the context of theories trying to explain the origin of SZ through some important factors (e.g. action of dopamine or glutamate or GABA, formation of dendrites and neuronal synapses, etc.).
This review aims to summarize the knowledge about the relationship between circadian rhythms and their influence on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. Circadian rhythms are controlled by internal molecular feedback loops that synchronize the organism with the external environment. These loops are affected by genetic and epigenetic factors. Genetic factors include polymorphisms and mutations of circadian genes. The expression of circadian genes is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms that change from prenatal development to old age. Epigenetic modifications are influenced by the external environment. Most of these modifications are affected by our own life style. Irregular circadian rhythm and low quality of sleep have been shown to increase the risk of developing T2DM and other metabolic disorders. Here, we attempt to provide a wide description of mutual relationships between epigenetic regulation, circadian rhythm, aging process and highlight new evidences that show possible therapeutic advance in the field of chrono-medicine which will be more important in the upcoming years.
- MeSH
- biologická variabilita populace MeSH
- cirkadiánní hodiny genetika MeSH
- cirkadiánní rytmus genetika MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu etiologie metabolismus MeSH
- energetický metabolismus MeSH
- epigeneze genetická * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolický syndrom etiologie metabolismus MeSH
- náchylnost k nemoci * MeSH
- regulace genové exprese * MeSH
- spánek MeSH
- stárnutí genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The TRPS1 protein is a potent regulator of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The TRPS1 gene aberrations are strongly associated with rare trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) development. We have conducted MLPA analysis to capture deletion within the crucial 8q24.1 chromosomal region in combination with mutation analysis of TRPS1 gene including core promoter, 5'UTR, and 3'UTR sequences in nine TRPS patients. Low complexity or extent of untranslated regulatory sequences avoided them from analysis in previous studies. Amplicon based next generation sequencing used in our study bridge over these technical limitations. Finally, we have made extended in silico analysis of TRPS1 gene regulatory sequences organization. Single contiguous deletion and an intragenic deletion intervening several exons were detected. Mutation analysis revealed five TRPS1 gene aberrations (two structural rearrangements, two nonsense mutations, and one missense substitution) reaching the overall detection rate of 78%. Several polymorphic variants were detected within the analysed regulatory sequences but without proposed pathogenic effect. In silico analysis suggested alternative promoter usage and diverse expression effectivity for different TRPS1 transcripts. Haploinsufficiency of TRPS1 gene was responsible for most of the TRPS phenotype. Structure of TRPS1 gene regulatory sequences is indicative of generally low single allele expression and its tight control.
- MeSH
- 3' nepřekládaná oblast genetika MeSH
- 5' nepřekládaná oblast genetika MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- DNA vazebné proteiny chemie genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- haploinsuficience MeSH
- Langerův-Giedionův syndrom genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mutační analýza DNA * MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- promotorové oblasti (genetika) genetika MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- transkripční faktory chemie genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The effect of heterozygous duplications of SHOX and associated elements on Lėri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and idiopathic short stature (ISS) development is less distinct when compared to reciprocal deletions. The aim of our study was to compare frequency and distribution of duplications within SHOX and associated elements between population sample and LWD (ISS) patients. A preliminary analysis conducted on Czech population sample of 250 individuals compared to our previously reported sample of 352 ISS/LWD Czech patients indicated that rather than the difference in frequency of duplications it is the difference in their distribution. Particularly, there was an increased frequency of duplications residing to the CNE-9 enhancer in our LWD/ISS sample. To see whether the obtained data are consistent across published studies we made a literature survey to get published cases with SHOX or associated elements duplication and formed the merged LWD, the merged ISS, and the merged population samples. Relative frequency of particular region duplication in each of those merged samples were calculated. There was a significant difference in the relative frequency of CNE-9 enhancer duplications (11 vs. 3) and complete SHOX (exon1-6b) duplications (4 vs. 24) (p-value 0.0139 and p-value 0.000014, respectively) between the merged LWD sample and the merged population sample. We thus propose that partial SHOX duplications and small duplications encompassing CNE-9 enhancer could be highly penetrant alleles associated with ISS and LWD development.
- MeSH
- duplikace genu * MeSH
- homeodoménové proteiny genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osteochondrodysplazie genetika MeSH
- penetrance MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický MeSH
- poruchy růstu genetika MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- zesilovače transkripce * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- frekvence genu MeSH
- genetické asociační studie MeSH
- homeodoménové proteiny genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- mutační analýza DNA MeSH
- nanismus genetika MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický MeSH
- promotorové oblasti (genetika) MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční delece * MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- vazebná nerovnováha MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The aim of the study was to analyze frequency of SHOX gene defects and selected dysmorphic signs in patients of both idiopathic short stature (ISS) and Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD), all derived from the Czech population. Overall, 98 subjects were analyzed in the study. Inclusion criteria were the presence of short stature (-2.0 SD), in combination with at least one of the selected dysmorphic signs for the ISS+ group; and the presence of Madelung deformity, without positive karyotyping for the LWD+ group. Each proband was analyzed by use of P018 MLPA kit, which covers SHOX and its regulatory sequences. Additionally, mutational analysis was done of the coding portions of the SHOX. Both extent and breakpoint localizations in the deletions/duplications found were quite variable. Some PAR1 rearrangements were detected, without obvious phenotypic association. In the ISS+ group, MLPA analysis detected four PAR1 deletions associated with a SHOX gene defect, PAR1 duplication with an ambiguous effect, and two SHOX mutations (13.7%). In the LWD+ group, MLPA analysis detected nine deletions in PAR1 region, with a deleterious effect on SHOX, first reported case of isolated SHOX enhancer duplication, and SHOX mutation (68.8%). In both ISS+ and LWD+ groups were positivity associated with a disproportionately short stature; in the ISS+ group, in combination with muscular hypertrophy. It seems that small PAR1 rearrangements might be quite frequent in the population. Our study suggests disproportionateness, especially in combination with muscular hypertrophy, as relevant indicators of ISS to be the effect of SHOX defect.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- homeodoménové proteiny genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- osteochondrodysplazie diagnóza genetika MeSH
- poruchy růstu diagnóza genetika MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- svalová atrofie genetika MeSH
- variabilita počtu kopií segmentů DNA MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
