Neutrofily sú centrálnou zložkou vrodeného imunitného systému. V posledných rokoch si získali značnú pozornosť vďaka novoobjaveným biologickým efektorovým funkciám a ich zapojeniu do rôznych patologických stavov. Neutrofily predstavujú prvú líniu obrany imunitného systému a pôsobia ako fyzická a chemická bariéra proti patogénom. Aktivované neutrofily môžu okrem iného uvoľňovať svoj obsah – dekondenzovaný chromatín spolu s antimikrobiálnymi granulárnymi proteínmi, a vytvárať tak tzv. neutrofilové extracelulárne pasce (neutrophil extracellular traps – NETs). Tvorba NETov sa spúšťa kontaktom s rôznymi prozápalovými stimulmi, vrátane mikroorganizmov, cytokínov, imunitných komplexov a iných. V súčasnosti sú popísané dva základné mechanizmy tvorby NETov. Klasický spôsob je jednou z foriem programovanej bunkovej smrti závislým od NADPH-oxidázy, pričom je najlepšie preskúmaným mechanizmom. Druhý spôsob tvorby NETov charakterizuje rapídna bunková odpoveď na vonkajší stimul, pričom pasca sa uvoľní bez porušenia bunkovej membrány, takže nedochádza k usmrteniu neutrofilu. Zatiaľ čo NETy sú veľmi účinné pri eliminácii patogénov, môžu tiež spôsobiť vážne poškodenie, ak sa uvoľnia v nadmernom množstve alebo ich odstraňovanie nie je efektívne. Cieľom tohto článku je sprostredkovať pohľad na úlohu neutrofilov a spôsob tvorby NETov v závislosti od rôznych stimulov. Tiež sumarizuje súčasné poznatky o úlohe NETov v patofyziológii infekcií močových ciest a hemolyticko-uremického syndrómu indukovaného infekciou E. coli.
Neutrophils are a central component of the innate immune system. In recent years, neutrophils have gained considerable attention due to their newly discovered biological effector functions and their involvement in various pathological conditions. Neutrophils represent the first line of the immune system defense and act as a physical and chemical barrier against pathogens. Activated neutrophils can release contents – decondensed chromatin along with antimicrobial granular proteins creating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The NET formation is triggered by the contact with various pro-inflammatory stimuli, including microorganisms, cytokines, immune complexes, and others. Currently, we know two basic mechanisms of NET formation. The classical way is one of the forms of programmed cell death dependent on NADPH-oxidase; it is the best described mechanism. The second way of NET formation is characterized by a rapid cellular response to an external stimulus, whereby the trap is released without breaking the cell membrane, so that the neutrophil is not killed. While NETs are very effective at eliminating pathogens, they can also cause serious damage if released in excess or removed inefficiently. This review provides a simple and comprehensible view of the role of neutrophils and the mechanism of NET formation depending on various stimuli, and also summarizes the current knowledge on the role of NETs in the pathophysiology of urinary tract infections and hemolytic uremic syndrome induced by E. coli infection.
- MeSH
- infekce močového ústrojí * patofyziologie MeSH
- ledviny patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neutrofily * MeSH
- přirozená imunita MeSH
- zánět patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The sex steroid hormones (SSHs) such as testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and their metabolites have important organizational and activational impacts on the brain during critical periods of brain development and in adulthood. A variety of slow and rapid mechanisms mediate both organizational and activational processes via intracellular or membrane receptors for SSHs. Physiological concentrations and distribution of SSHs in the brain result in normal brain development. Nevertheless, dysregulation of hormonal equilibrium may result in several mood disorders, including depressive disorders, later in adolescence or adulthood. Gender differences in cognitive abilities, emotions as well as the 2-3 times higher prevalence of depressive disorders in females, were already described. This implies that SSHs may play a role in the development of depressive disorders. In this review, we discuss preclinical and clinical studies linked to SSHs and development of depressive disorders. Our secondary aim includes a review of up-to-date knowledge about molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders. Understanding these molecular mechanisms might lead to significant treatment adjustments for patients with depressive disorders and to an amelioration of clinical outcomes for these patients. Nevertheless, the impact of SSHs on the brain in the context of the development of depressive disorders, progression, and treatment responsiveness is complex in nature, and depends upon several factors in concert such as gender, age, comorbidities, and general health conditions.
- MeSH
- depresivní poruchy * farmakoterapie MeSH
- emoce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mozek metabolismus MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- pohlavní steroidní hormony * metabolismus MeSH
- testosteron metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Psychological testing to examine potentially aggressive behaviour is a gold standard, but it is not sufficient. Testosterone might increase an aggressive behaviour. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether testosterone along with psychological assessment of fitness to drive could help to identify aggressive drivers. METHODS: Male participants (n=150) aged from 20 to 25, who possessed a driving license and drive at least 100 km per week, were evaluated in this study using an Inventory of traffic-relevant personality characteristics, the Sensation Seeking Scale and the Buss-Durkee Aggression Inventory. Saliva was collected for testosterone and cortisol measurements. The five binomial logistic models with dependent variables Caused an accident, Driving license taken away, Court trial, Intoxicated driving and Sporty self-report were tested in this study. RESULTS: The ‘Intoxicated driving’ model, was found to be statistically highly significant, explaining 48.8 % of the dependent variable’s variance (χ2(16)=36.145, p<0.01). In this model with sensation seeking, actual testosterone and their interaction was highly significant and explained 20.4 % of intoxicated driving variability (χ2(3)=14.283, p<0.01). This was higher than sensation seeking scores only. CONCLUSION: To conclude, salivary testosterone might prove a biological marker that improves the identification of those with a high probability of aggressive driving or its subtypes (Tab. 3, Ref. 53).
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with high risk of stroke preventable by timely initiation of anticoagulation. Currently available screening tools based on ECG are not optimal due to inconvenience and high costs. Aim of this study was to study the diagnostic value of apelin for AF in patients with high risk of stroke. Methods: We designed a multicenter, matched-cohort study. The population consisted of three study groups: a healthy control group (34 patients) and two matched groups of 60 patients with high risk of stroke (AF and non-AF group). Apelin levels were examined from peripheral blood. Results: Apelin was significantly lower in AF group compared to non-AF group (0.694 ± 0.148 vs. 0.975 ± 0.458 ng/ml, p = 0.001) and control group (0.982 ± 0.060 ng/ml, p < 0.001), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of apelin as a predictor of AF scored area under the curve (AUC) of 0.658. Apelin's concentration of 0.969 [ng/ml] had sensitivity = 0.966 and specificity = 0.467. Logistic regression based on manual feature selection showed that only apelin and NT-proBNP were independent predictors of AF. Logistic regression based on selection from bivariate analysis showed that only apelin was an independent predictor of AF. A logistic regression model using repeated stratified K-Fold cross-validation strategy scored an AUC of 0.725 ± 0.131. Conclusions: Our results suggest that apelin might be used to rule out AF in patients with high risk of stroke.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The sex steroid hormones (SSHs) play several roles in regulation of various processes in the cardiovascular, immune, muscular and neural systems. SSHs affect prenatal and postnatal development of various brain structures, including regions associated with important physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional functions. This action can be mediated by either intracellular or transmembrane receptors. While the classical mechanisms of SSHs action are relatively well examined, the physiological importance of non-classical mechanism of SSHs action through membrane-associated and transmembrane receptors in the brain remains unclear. The most recent summary describing the role of SSHs in different body systems is lacking. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss classical and non-classical signaling pathways of testosterone and estradiol action via their receptors at functional, cellular, tissue level and to describe the effects on various body systems and behavior. Particular emphasis will be on brain regions including the hippocampus, hypothalamus, frontal cortex and cerebellum.
- MeSH
- estradiol * MeSH
- estrogeny MeSH
- hypothalamus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pohlavní steroidní hormony * MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- testosteron MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
Salivary urea is studied as a non-invasive alternative for screening and monitoring of renal diseases. Its high variability prevents a wider clinical use. Animal experiments are needed to identify factors affecting this marker. The aim of this study was to describe the inter-individual variability of salivary urea in healthy mice, establish reference intervals, and analyse the effects of sex, age and body weight. Plasma and saliva samples were obtained from 37 male and 41 female healthy adult CD1 mice aged 13-69 weeks (body weight 22-51 g). The reference interval for salivary urea in heathy mice based on our results is 2.7-8.4 mmol/l (CV = 23 %). Multivariate analysis did not show any significant effect of age, sex, or body weight. In addition, salivary urea did not correlate with its plasma concentrations. The high variability of the promising salivary marker of kidney function in healthy mice requires further research before its use to diagnose or monitor renal failure in animal models of kidney diseases. Other potential confounders should be analysed, including intra-individual and pre-analytical variability. In addition, a normalization factor such as total salivary proteins or salivation rate is likely needed.
- MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience * MeSH
- močovina MeSH
- myši MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- slinné proteiny a peptidy MeSH
- sliny * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Due to the growing number of applications of cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO NPs), there is a concern about their potential deleterious effects. The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of CdO NPs on the immune response, renal and intestine oxidative stress, blood antioxidant defence, renal fibrotic response, bone density and mineral content. Six-week-old female ICR mice were exposed to CdO NPs for 6 weeks by inhalation (particle size: 9.82 nm, mass concentration: 31.7 μg CdO/m3, total deposited dose: 0.195 μg CdO/g body weight). CdO NPs increased percentage of thymus CD3e+CD8a+ cells and moderately enhanced splenocyte proliferation and production of cytokines and chemokines. CdO NPs elevated pro-fibrotic factors (TGF-β2, α-SMA and collagen I) in the kidney, and concentrations of AGEs in the intestine. The ratio of GSH and GSSG in blood was slightly reduced. Exposure to CdO NPs resulted in 10-fold higher Cd concentration in tibia bones. No differences were found in bone mass density, mineral content, bone area values, bone concentrations of Ca, P, Mg and Ca/P ratio. Our findings indicate stimulation of immune/inflammatory response, oxidative stress in the intestine, starting fibrotic response in kidneys and accumulation of CdO NPs in bones of mice.
- MeSH
- aplikace inhalační MeSH
- buněčná imunita účinky léků MeSH
- cytokiny metabolismus MeSH
- fibróza chemicky indukované MeSH
- kovové nanočástice aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- ledviny účinky léků patologie MeSH
- lymfatické uzliny účinky léků MeSH
- myši inbrední ICR MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- oxidy aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- slezina účinky léků MeSH
- sloučeniny kadmia aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- střeva účinky léků MeSH
- thymus účinky léků MeSH
- tibie účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Thermally processed food contains advanced glycation end products (AGEs) including N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML). Higher AGEs or circulating CML were shown to be associated with pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. It is unclear whether this association is causal. The aim of our study was to analyze the effects of dietary CML and CML-containing thermally processed food on metabolism in pregnant rats. Animals were fed with standard or with AGE-rich diet from gestation day 1. Third group received standard diet and CML via gavage. On gestation day 18, blood pressure was measured, urine and blood were collected and the oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Plasma AGEs were slightly higher in pregnant rats fed with the AGE-rich diet (p=0.09). A non-significant trend towards higher CML in plasma was found in the CML group (p=0.06). No significant differences between groups were revealed in glucose metabolism or markers of renal functions like proteinuria and creatinine clearance. In conclusion, this study does not support the hypothesis that dietary AGEs such as CML might induce harmful metabolic changes or contribute to the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications. The short duration of the rodent gestation warrants further studies analyzing long-term effects of AGEs/CML in preconception nutrition.
- MeSH
- dieta škodlivé účinky trendy MeSH
- gestační diabetes chemicky indukované metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- ledviny účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- lysin aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky analogy a deriváty MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- produkty pokročilé glykace aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
