- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- nádory vyvolané zářením * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- pracovní expozice * MeSH
- radiační expozice * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- radon * MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Radon is a ubiquitous occupational and environmental lung carcinogen. We aim to quantify the association between radon progeny and lung cancer mortality in the largest and most up-to-date pooled study of uranium miners. METHODS: The pooled uranium miners analysis combines 7 cohorts of male uranium miners with 7754 lung cancer deaths and 4.3 million person-years of follow-up. Vital status and lung cancer deaths were ascertained between 1946 and 2014. The association between cumulative radon exposure in working level months (WLM) and lung cancer was modelled as the excess relative rate (ERR) per 100 WLM using Poisson regression; variation in the association by temporal and exposure factors was examined. We also examined analyses restricted to miners first hired before 1960 and with <100 WLM cumulative exposure. RESULTS: In a model that allows for variation by attained age, time since exposure and annual exposure rate, the ERR/100 WLM was 4.68 (95% CI 2.88 to 6.96) among miners who were less than 55 years of age and were exposed in the prior 5 to <15 years at annual exposure rates of <0.5 WL. This association decreased with older attained age, longer time since exposure and higher annual exposure rate. In analyses restricted to men first hired before 1960, we observed similar patterns of association but a slightly lower estimate of the ERR/100 WLM. CONCLUSIONS: This new large, pooled study confirms and supports a linear exposure-response relationship between cumulative radon exposure and lung cancer mortality which is jointly modified by temporal and exposure factors.
- MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic * etiologie MeSH
- nádory vyvolané zářením * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- nemoci z povolání * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- pracovní expozice * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- proteiny regulující apoptózu MeSH
- radon * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- uran * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. MeSH
BACKGROUND: Despite reductions in exposure for workers and the general public, radon remains a leading cause of lung cancer. Prior studies of underground miners depended heavily upon information on deaths among miners employed in the early years of mine operations when exposures were high and tended to be poorly estimated. OBJECTIVES: To strengthen the basis for radiation protection, we report on the follow-up of workers employed in the later periods of mine operations for whom we have more accurate exposure information and for whom exposures tended to be accrued at intensities that are more comparable to contemporary settings. METHODS: We conducted a pooled analysis of cohort studies of lung cancer mortality among 57,873 male uranium miners in Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, and the United States, who were first employed in 1960 or later (thereby excluding miners employed during the periods of highest exposure and focusing on miners who tend to have higher quality assessments of radon progeny exposures). We derived estimates of excess relative rate per 100 working level months (ERR/100 WLM) for mortality from lung cancer. RESULTS: The analysis included 1.9 million person-years of observation and 1,217 deaths due to lung cancer. The relative rate of lung cancer increased in a linear fashion with cumulative exposure to radon progeny (ERR/100 WLM=1.33; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.88). The association was modified by attained age, age at exposure, and annual exposure rate; for attained ages <55 y, the ERR/100 WLM was 8.38 (95% CI: 3.30, 18.99) among miners who were exposed at ≥35 years of age and at annual exposure rates of <0.5 working levels. This association decreased with older attained ages, younger ages at exposure, and higher exposure rates. DISCUSSION: Estimates of association between radon progeny exposure and lung cancer mortality among relatively contemporary miners are coherent with estimates used to inform current protection guidelines. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10669.
- MeSH
- dceřiné produkty radonu MeSH
- horníci * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic * MeSH
- nádory vyvolané zářením * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- nemoci z povolání * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- pracovní expozice * MeSH
- radon * MeSH
- uran * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The aim of this work was to estimate the share of selected significant risk factors for respiratory cancer in the overall incidence of this disease and their comparison in two environmentally different burdened regions. A combination of a longitudinal cross-sectional population study with a US EPA health risk assessment methodology was used. The result of this procedure is the expression of lifelong carcinogenic risks and their contribution in the overall incidence of the disease. Compared to exposures to benzo[a]pyrene in the air and fibrogenic dust in the working air, several orders of magnitude higher share of the total incidence of respiratory cancer was found in radon exposures, for women 60% in the industrial area, respectively 100% in the non-industrial area, for men 24%, respectively 15%. The share of risks in workers exposed to fibrogenic dust was found to be 0.35% in the industrial area. For benzo[a]pyrene, the share of risks was below 1% and the share of other risk factors was in the monitored areas was up to 85%. The most significant share in the development of respiratory cancer in both monitored areas is represented by radon for women and other risk factors for men.
- MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- inhalační expozice * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- karcinogeny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prach MeSH
- pracovní expozice * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- průmysl MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) publishes guidance on protection against radon exposure in homes and workplaces. ICRP Publication 137 recommends a dose coefficient of 3 mSv per mJ h m-3 (~10 mSv WLM-1) to be used in most circumstances of radon exposure, for workers in buildings and in underground mines. Recently, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) reviewed radon epidemiology and dosimetry and concluded that its established dose coefficient of 1.6 mSv per mJ h m-3 (5.7 mSv WLM-1) should be retained for use in its comparisons of radiation exposures from different sources in a population. This paper explains and compares the reviews of the scientific evidence from UNSCEAR and ICRP. It is shown that the UNSCEAR and ICRP reviews are consistent and support the use of the ICRP reference dose coefficients for radiation protection purposes. It is concluded that the ICRP dose coefficient should be used to calculate doses to workers.
The article summarizes the most recent results from the cohorts of uranium miners, particularly the risks at low exposures and the risk models with modifying effects of exposure rate, age and time since exposure, which are used for the calculation of lifetime risks (LRs). The excess relative risks per unit exposure (ERR/WLM) arising from low exposures were found up to 10 times higher than the crude risk coefficients. For studies that reported models with modifying effect of age, time since exposure and exposure rate, LRs were calculated using the BEIR VI projection. These LRs were also calculated for a model with effect modification on the annual exposure rate. The results were prepared for the UNSCEAR report on 'Lung cancer from exposure to radon.'(1).
- MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- nádory vyvolané zářením * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- nemoci z povolání * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- pracovní expozice * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- radon * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- uran * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies of underground miners have provided clear evidence that inhalation of radon decay products causes lung cancer. Moreover, these studies have served as a quantitative basis for estimation of radon-associated excess lung cancer risk. However, questions remain regarding the effects of exposure to the low levels of radon decay products typically encountered in contemporary occupational and environmental settings on the risk of lung cancer and other diseases, and on the modifiers of these associations. These issues are of central importance for estimation of risks associated with residential and occupational radon exposures. METHODS: The Pooled Uranium Miner Analysis (PUMA) assembles information on cohorts of uranium miners in North America and Europe. Data available include individual annual estimates of exposure to radon decay products, demographic and employment history information on each worker and information on vital status, date of death and cause of death. Some, but not all, cohorts also have individual information on cigarette smoking, external gamma radiation exposure and non-radiological occupational exposures. RESULTS: The PUMA study represents the largest study of uranium miners conducted to date, encompassing 124 507 miners, 4.51 million person-years at risk and 54 462 deaths, including 7825 deaths due to lung cancer. Planned research topics include analyses of associations between radon exposure and mortality due to lung cancer, cancers other than lung, non-malignant disease, modifiers of these associations and characterisation of overall relative mortality excesses and lifetime risks. CONCLUSION: PUMA provides opportunities to evaluate new research questions and to conduct analyses to assess potential health risks associated with uranium mining that have greater statistical power than can be achieved with any single cohort.
- MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- horníci * MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- kouření cigaret epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic epidemiologie mortalita MeSH
- nádory vyvolané zářením epidemiologie mortalita MeSH
- nemoci z povolání epidemiologie MeSH
- pracovní expozice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- radon škodlivé účinky MeSH
- uran * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Severní Amerika MeSH
It is well established that high radon exposures increase the risk of lung cancer mortality. The effects of low occupational exposures and the factors that confound and modify this risk are not clear and are needed to inform current radiation protection of miners. The risk of lung cancer mortality at low radon exposures (< 100 working-level months) was assessed in the joint cohort analysis of Czech, French, and Canadian uranium miners, employed in 1953 or later. Statistical analysis was based on linear Poisson regression modeling with grouped cohort survival data. Two sensitivity analyses were used to assess potential confounding from tobacco smoking. A statistically significant linear relationship between radon exposure and lung cancer mortality was found. The excess relative risk per working-level month was 0.022 (95% confidence intervals: 0.013-0.034), based on 408 lung cancer deaths and 394,236 person-years of risk. Time since exposure was a statistically significant modifier; risk decreased with increasing time since exposure. A tendency for a decrease in risk with increasing attained age was observed, but this was not statistically significant. Exposure rate was not found to be a modifier of the excess relative risk. The potential confounding effect of tobacco smoking was estimated to be small and did not substantially change the radon-lung cancer mortality risk estimates. This joint cohort analysis provides strong evidence for an increased risk of lung cancer mortality from low occupational radon exposures. The results suggest that radiation protection measures continue to be important among current uranium miners.
- MeSH
- horníci * MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- kouření tabáku MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic epidemiologie mortalita MeSH
- nádory vyvolané zářením epidemiologie mortalita MeSH
- nemoci z povolání epidemiologie MeSH
- pracovní expozice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- radon škodlivé účinky MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- uran * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Francie MeSH
- Kanada MeSH
Despite substantial experimental and epidemiological research, there is limited knowledge of the uranium-induce health effects after chronic low-dose exposures in humans. Biological markers can objectively characterize pathological processes or environmental responses to uranium and confounding agents. The integration of such biological markers into a molecular epidemiological study would be a useful approach to improve and refine estimations of uranium-induced health risks. To initiate such a study, Concerted Uranium Research in Europe (CURE) was established, and involves biologists, epidemiologists and dosimetrists. The aims of the biological work package of CURE were: 1. To identify biomarkers and biological specimens relevant to uranium exposure; 2. To define standard operating procedures (SOPs); and 3. To set up a common protocol (logistic, questionnaire, ethical aspects) to perform a large-scale molecular epidemiologic study in uranium-exposed cohorts. An intensive literature review was performed and led to the identification of biomarkers related to: 1. retention organs (lungs, kidneys and bone); 2. other systems/organs with suspected effects (cardiovascular system, central nervous system and lympho-hematopoietic system); 3. target molecules (DNA damage, genomic instability); and 4. high-throughput methods for the identification of new biomarkers. To obtain high-quality biological materials, SOPs were established for the sampling and storage of different biospecimens. A questionnaire was developed to assess potential confounding factors. The proposed strategy can be adapted to other internal exposures and should improve the characterization of the biological and health effects that are relevant for risk assessment.
- MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární epidemiologie metody MeSH
- radiační expozice MeSH
- uran toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- MeSH
- biostatistika MeSH
- epidemiologické metody MeSH
- lékařská počítačová informatika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- nekrology MeSH
- O autorovi
- Procházka, Bohumír, 1953-2017 Autorita
