Cannabis sativa L. is a plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family known primarily for its recreational use due to the psychoactive properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Despite this, several compounds belonging to the category of phytocannabinoids have shown in recent years a number of potentially promising therapeutic effects that have increased the interest in the pharmaceutical field towards this plant. However, the content of these compounds is very variable and influenced by different factors, such as growing conditions and time of the year. An indication of the status and age of Cannabis samples is provided by the content of CBN, a minor phytocannabinoid and degradation product of other phytocannabinoids, including THC. In this research work an innovative, solid state analytical approach has been developed to observe and evaluate the variations in the content of two phytocannabinoids (CBN and CBD) in Cannabis-derived products over time. In order to simulate the ageing of the Cannabis samples, an artificially accelerated ageing procedure has been developed and optimised by using high temperatures. The analyses were carried out using an innovative ATR-FTIR method for solid state analysis, enabling direct analysis of a solid sample without any pretreatment phase. This study has allowed the development of an innovative analytical approach for the evaluation of the age and state of conservation of Cannabis samples and may be a useful tool both in the industrial, pharmaceutical and forensic fields.
- MeSH
- Cannabis * chemie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- kanabidiol analýza chemie MeSH
- kanabinoidy * analýza chemie MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty chemie analýza MeSH
- spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací metody MeSH
- stabilita léku MeSH
- tetrahydrokanabinol analýza chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Organic molecules that interact with the cannabinoid receptors are called cannabinoids, which can be endogenous, natural or synthetic compounds. They possess similar pharmacological properties as produced by the plant, Cannabis sativa L. Before cannabinoids can be analysed, they need to be extracted from the matrices. OBJECTIVE: To review literature on the methods and protocols for the extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids. METHODOLOGY: An extensive literature search was performed incorporating several databases, notably, Web of Knowledge, PubMed and Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials. The keywords used in the search, in various combinations, with cannabinoids and extraction being present in all combinations, were Cannabis, hemp, cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, and extraction. RESULTS: In addition to classical maceration with organic solvents, e.g. ethanol, pressurised solvent extraction, solvent heat reflux, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction, are routinely used nowadays for the extraction of cannabinoids from plant materials and cannabis consumer products. For the extraction of cannabinoids from biological samples, e.g. human blood, and also from food and beverages, and wastewater, solid-phase extraction and its variants, as well as liquid-liquid extraction are commonly used. Parameters for extraction can be optimised by response surface methodology or other mathematical modelling tools. There are at least six US patents on extraction of cannabinoids available to date. CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of the extraction method, extraction temperature, extraction time and extraction pressure play a vital role in overall yield of extraction. Solvent polarity can also be an important factor in some extraction methods.
Cannabis sativa L. is an herbaceous plant belonging to the family of Cannabaceae. It is classified into three different chemotypes based on the different cannabinoids profile. In particular, fiber-type cannabis (hemp) is rich in cannabidiol (CBD) content. In the present work, a rapid nano liquid chromatographic method (nano-LC) was proposed for the determination of the main cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) inflorescences belonging to different varieties. The nano-LC experiments were carried out in a 100 µm internal diameter capillary column packed with a C18 stationary phase for 15 cm with a mobile phase composed of ACN/H2O/formic acid, 80/19/1% (v/v/v). The reverse-phase nano-LC method allowed the complete separation of four standard cannabinoids in less than 12 min under isocratic elution mode. The nano-LC method coupled to ultraviolet (UV) detection was validated and applied to the quantification of the target analytes in cannabis extracts. The nano-LC system was also coupled to an electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detector to confirm the identity of the cannabinoids present in hemp samples. For the extraction of the cannabinoids, three different approaches, including dynamic maceration (DM), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and an extraction procedure adapted from the French Pharmacopeia's protocol on medicinal plants, were carried out, and the results achieved were compared.
This paper describes a single-laboratory validation of a liquid chromatography-diode array detection (LC-DAD) method for quantification of 12 major cannabinoids in Cannabis dried plant materials, concentrates, and oils. The method met Standard Method Performance Requirements for quantitative analysis of cannabinoids in Cannabis concentrates and Cannabis dried plant materials. The LOQs were in the range 0.003-0.10% (w/w), depending on the analyte and matrix. Spike recoveries were between 96.7 and 101.3% with relative SDs (RSDs) ≤2.3%. Precision expressed as repeatability and intermediate precision was within 0.3-4.8 and 1.1-5.1%, respectively. The chromatographic separation conditions used in this versatile method are compatible with both DAD-UV and MS detection. During method validation, high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight MS was employed as a secondary detector (connected in series to the LC-DAD instrument) to provide high confidence identification of target analytes and as a tool for monitoring other cannabinoids for which reference standards were not available. The obtained results demonstrate applicability of the method to quantitative analysis of important cannabinoids in dried plants, concentrates, and oils. Limited data were generated for a food matrix (Cannabis-containing cookies) using this method with LC coupled to a compact single quadrupole mass spectrometer.
This study compares alternative approaches for analyzing phytocannabinoids in different plant materials. Three chromatographic analytical methods (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and flame ionization detection) were evaluated regarding selectivity, sensitivity, analytical accuracy, and precision. The performance of the methods was compared and all three methods were demonstrated to be appropriate tools for analyzing phytocannabinoids in cannabis. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection showed slightly better accuracy in determining phytocannabinoid acids, which are often difficult to quantify owing to their limited stability. Aspects of sample preparation, such as material homogenization and extraction, were also considered. A single ultrasonic-assisted ethanolic extraction of dried and powdered plant samples of cannabis was shown to be exhaustive for extracting the samples prior to analysis.
- MeSH
- Cannabis chemie MeSH
- kanabinoidy analýza MeSH
- laboratoře organizace a řízení MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- plamínková ionizace metody MeSH
- plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí metody MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The presented review demonstrates that new psychoactive substances represent an increasingly popular form of recreational drugs. In recent years, primarily substances from the group of synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinone and phenethylamines come to the fore. These synthetic substances pose a significant health risk for users and their early detection is desirable. Besides traditional instrumental methods, such as LC/MS or GC/MS, several user-friendly immunochemical methods were developed in connection with the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids, cathinones and phenethylamines, which can detect at least some members of these groups.
- Klíčová slova
- kathinony,
- MeSH
- fenylethylmalonamid analýza MeSH
- kanabinoidy analýza MeSH
- kosmetické přípravky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychotropní léky * analýza MeSH
- zákonodárství farmaceutické MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Závěrečná zpráva o řešení grantu Interní grantové agentury MZ ČR
1 svazek : ilustrace ; 30 cm
The main principle of the grant project lies in the development of sophisticated analytical methods allowing identification and to determine the designer drug. The project is aimed at a group of synthetic canabinoids and a group of synthetic derivativesof cathinone present in blood and urine of intoxicated patients or people abusing these compounds. The aim is to incorporate the developed methods to existing screening examinations used for identification of toxicologically important compounds in a biological material within scope of Systematic Toxicological Analysis (STA). Integral part of the project is the development of extraction methods applicable within scope of STA. They will be used for the isolation of these compounds from a biological material followed by identification and quantification by gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS, LC-MS/MS), and by capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (CE-MS/MS).
Podstatou grantového projektu je vývoj sofistikovaných analytických metod umožňujících průkaz a stanovení látek typu designer drugs se zaměřením zejména na syntetické kanabinoidy a syntetické deriváty kathinonu v krvi a moči intoxikovaných pacientů, neboosob zneužívajících tyto látky jako drogy. Cílem je začlenit vypracované analytické metody do stavajících screeningových vyšetření používaných k identifikaci toxikologicky významných látek v biologickém materiálu v rámci tzv. systematické toxikologickéanalýzy (STA). Nedílnou součástí projektu je vypracování extrakčních postupů použitelných v rámci STA, použitelných k izolaci těchto látek z biologického materiálu s jejich následnou identifikací a kvantifikací chromatografickými metodami s hmotnostní spektrometrií (GC-MS, LC-MS/MS) a metodou kapilární elektroforézy s hmotnostní spektrometrií (CE-MS/MS).
- MeSH
- amfetaminy analýza krev moč MeSH
- časná diagnóza MeSH
- chemické techniky analytické MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární MeSH
- kanabinoidy analýza krev moč MeSH
- nové syntetické drogy MeSH
- plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
- primární prevence MeSH
- Konspekt
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NLK Obory
- farmacie a farmakologie
- chemie, klinická chemie
- NLK Publikační typ
- závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu IGA MZ ČR
Kanabis je užíván již od starovìkých spoleèností až do souèasnosti jako nelegální droga a lék. Kanabinoidy jsou bioaktivní substance z Cannabis sativa a jejich hlavní slouèenina je Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol ( Δ 9 -THC). Tyto molekuly jsou mìøeny s použitím imunoanalytických technik a chromatografie v krvi, v plazmì, ve slinách a ve vlasech.
Cannabis is used from ancienit society to present days as illegal drugs and medicine. Cannabinoids are bioactive substance from Cannabis sativa and main compound is Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol ( Δ 9 -THC). These molecules are measured using immunoanalytical techniques and chromatography in blood, plasma, saliva and hair.
- Klíčová slova
- hašiš, marihuana, konopné drogy,
- MeSH
- aplikace inhalační MeSH
- aplikace orální MeSH
- kanabinoidy * analýza dějiny farmakologie metabolismus škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek * MeSH
- receptory kanabinoidní fyziologie MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty terapeutické užití MeSH
- tetrahydrokanabinol analogy a deriváty metabolismus MeSH
- trestní zákon MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- kanabinoidy analýza chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methamfetamin analýza chemie metabolismus MeSH
- myši metabolismus psychologie MeSH
- N-methyl-3,4-methylendioxyamfetamin analýza chemie metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši metabolismus psychologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
