Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is one the world's most widely used agricultural herbicide. It allows farmers to spray a planted field, generally before the crops have sprouted, killing weeds but not the crops that will grow there. GMO critics claim glyphosate is linked to autism, cancer, gluten allergies, ‘leaky gut' syndrome and other disorders. Concerns about glyphosate's possible health impacts increased in 2015 after the International Agency for Research on Cancer, a research arm of the World Health Organization, classified glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic”. The ecological risk assessment indicates that there is potential for effects on birds, mammals, and terrestrial and aquatic animals. A joint panel from the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations issued an summary evaluation of glyphosate in May 2016, concluding it poses no cancer risks as encountered in food and does not impact our genes. Although the European Food Safety Authority declared the evidence on glyphosate's carcinogenicity for humans to be “very limited”, there is still some doubt as to whether all the studies have been made "lege artis" or whether they have not even been falsified.
- MeSH
- herbicidy dějiny chemie otrava škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- karcinogeneze chemicky indukované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutageneze MeSH
- organofosfonáty * dějiny chemie škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- otrava organofosfáty MeSH
- teratogeneze MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The use of the herbicide paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride; PQ) which is widely used in agriculture is known to cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are not fully understood. This present study investigated the behavioral manifestations, motor coordination, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration following exposure to PQ. Male rats were injected with PQ (10 mg/kg i.p.) daily for three weeks. Rotarod systems were used for measuring locomotor activity and motor coordination. The effects of PQ on dorsiflexor, electrophysiologically-induced muscle contraction were studied. Dopamine concentrations in the ventral mesencephalon were measured by high performance liquid chromatography and the number of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta was estimated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. PQ induced difficulty in movement and significant reduction in motor activity and twitch tension at the dorsiflexor skeletal muscle. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons was significantly less in the substantia nigra pars compacta and nigral dopamine level was significantly reduced in PQ treated animals (20.4+/-3.4 pg/mg) when compared with control animals (55.0+/-2.4 pg/mg wet tissue). Daily treatment of PQ for three weeks induces selective dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and significant behavioral and peripheral motor deficit effects.
- MeSH
- ataxie chemicky indukované patofyziologie MeSH
- dopamin metabolismus MeSH
- down regulace účinky léků MeSH
- herbicidy otrava MeSH
- kosterní svaly účinky léků patofyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- nemoci svalů chemicky indukované patofyziologie MeSH
- neurotoxiny otrava MeSH
- paraquat otrava MeSH
- pohybová aktivita účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- substantia nigra účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- svalová síla účinky léků MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Triclopyr je systémový herbicid ze skupiny chlorovaných pyridinů. Triclopyr je používán v podobě esteru nebo aminové soli, ke kontrole listnatých dřevin, aniž by ničil trávy a jehličnany, ke kontrole širokolistých plevelů a křoví na různých místech podél cest, na pastvinách a loukách, v lesích a na závodištích, včetně domácích trávníků, přičemž trávy a jehličnany zůstávají nedotčeny. Triclopyr je neobvykle účinný na dřeviny a je používán k likvidaci křovin kolem tratí a odlisťování lesních ploch. Triclopyr není stálý v povrchových vodách. Má omezenou pohyblivost a malou schopnost hromadit se v půdě. Vzhledem k jeho adsorpčním vlastnostem a vzhledem k tomu, že se rozkládá mnoha způsoby, jako jsou fotolýza, metabolizace v rostlinách a mikrobiální degradace, jeho schopnost pronikat do hlubších vrstev půdy a kontaminovat podzemní vody je nízká. Triclopyr se rozkládá v půdě s poločasem mezi 30 a 90 dny. Jedním z produktů jeho degradace je trichlorpyridinol, který může přetrvávat v půdě až jeden rok. V rozkládající se vegetaci je triclopyr aktivní asi 3 měsíce. Látka je mírně toxická pro ptáky. Bylo zjištěno, že je netoxická pro včely a velmi málo toxická pro ryby. Pro člověka má čistý triclopyr velmi nízkou toxicitu při podání ústy. Technický triclopyr je lehce toxický při podání ústy nebo při průniku kůží. Lidé mohou být exponováni rezidui triclopyru v dietě.
Triclopyr is a systemic herbicide, which belongs to the group of chlorinated pyridines. Triclopyr is used in the form of ester or amine salt. It is employed for the control of deciduous woody plants, provided that it does not destroy grass and coniferous woody plants. It is used for the control of broad leafed weeds and bushes at different spots along ways, in pastures and meadows, in forests and sport areas including home lawns, where the grass and coniferous woody plants remain intact after this use. Triclopyr is unusually effective against woody plants and is used for the destruction of bushes along railways and defoliation of forest areas. Triclopyr is not stable in surface waters. It has a limited mobility and low capability of the accumulation in the soil. Given its adsorption characteristics and the fact that it is decomposed in many ways, such as photolysis, metabolic conversion in plants and microbial degradation, its ability to penetrate into deeper soil layers and contaminate ground waters is low. Triclopyr is decomposed in soil with a half-life between 30 and 90 days. One of products of its degradation is trichloropyridinol, which can persist in the soil for as long as one year. In decaying vegetation, triclopyr is active for about 3 months. The substance is slightly toxic to birds. It was found to be non-toxic to bees and slightly toxic to fishes. In humans, pure triclopyr exerts a very low toxicity after its oral administration. Technical triclopyr is slightly toxic after its oral administration or transdermal penetration. Humans can be exposed to triclopyr residua in the food.
