Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc and calcium endopeptidases which cleave extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. They are also involved in the degradation of cell surface components and regulate multiple cellular processes, cell to cell interactions, cell proliferation, and cell signaling pathways. MMPs function in close interaction with the endogenous tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), both of which regulate cell turnover, modulate various growth factors, and participate in the progression of tissue fibrosis and apoptosis. The multiple roles of MMPs and TIMPs are continuously elucidated in kidney development and repair, as well as in a number of kidney diseases. This chapter focuses on the current findings of the significance of MMPs and TIMPs in a wide range of kidney diseases, whether they result from kidney tissue changes, hemodynamic alterations, tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, inflammation, or fibrosis. In addition, the potential use of these endopeptidases as biomarkers of renal dysfunction and as targets for therapeutic interventions to attenuate kidney disease are also explored in this review.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) may play an important role in both inflammation with subsequent fibrosis and in repair and healing in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). We evaluated the circulating levels of MMPs, including pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), and TIMPs in patients with AAV. PAPP-A, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and selected parameters were measured in 100 AAV patients (36 patients with active disease and 64 patients in remission) and 34 healthy subjects. The levels of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and PAPP-A in AAV were all found to be different to those of the controls. The MMP-7 and PAPP-A concentrations were increased in active disease in comparison to the controls (MMP-7: 13 ±.7 vs. 2 ± 0.6 ng/ml, PAPP-A: 14 ± 18 vs. 6.8 ± 2.6 ng/ml, both P < 0.005). The MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels were increased in remission when compared to the controls (MMP-2: 242 ± 50 ng/ml vs. 212 ± 26 ng /ml, TIMP-2: 82 ± 14 ng/ml vs. 68 ± 93 ng/ml) and to the active AAV (MMP-2: 242 ± 50 vs. 219 ± 54 ng/ml, TIMP-2: 82 ± 14 ng/ml vs. 73 ± 15 ng/ml, all P < 0.005). MMP-3, MMP-7, TIMP-1, and PAPP-A correlated with serum creatinine. The serum levels of MMPs, TIMPs and PAPP-A are all altered in AAV. MMP-2, MMP-7 and TIMP-2 appear to be promising markers in distinguishing active AAV from remission. MMP-3, MMP-7, TIMP-1, and PAPP-A are associated with kidney function in AAV. Further studies are needed to delineate the exact roles of circulating MMPs, TIMPs and PAPP-A in patients with AAV.
- MeSH
- ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy enzymologie MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matrixové metaloproteinasy metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- tkáňové inhibitory metaloproteinas metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by irreversible airflow limitation associated with chronic inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that contribute to the inflammatory response in COPD and degrade extracellular matrix components. Their enzymatic activity is inhibited by a four-member family of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). In COPD, the MMP/TIMP network, mainly MMP-9, has been repeatedly observed to be dysregulated at both the local (lung) and systemic levels. Here, we review the findings reported in numerous cross-sectional studies with our primary focus on longitudinal observations in human COPD studies. The data from longitudinal prospective studies on the MMP/TIMP network may lead to the introduction of novel prognostic biomarkers into clinical management of COPD. We address the relationship between the systemic and local lung MMP/TIMP network in COPD patients and briefly describe the involvement of microRNAs. Finally, the role of the MMP/TIMP network in COPD treatment is discussed.
- MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc enzymologie MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matrixová metaloproteinasa 9 metabolismus MeSH
- matrixové metaloproteinasy metabolismus MeSH
- mikro RNA metabolismus MeSH
- plíce metabolismus MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese enzymů * MeSH
- tkáňové inhibitory metaloproteinas metabolismus MeSH
- zánět MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Morphogenesis of the upper lip and palate is a complex process involving highly regulated interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Genetic evidence in humans and mice indicates the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in cleft lip palate (CLP) aetiology. This study investigated whether expression of MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and TIMP-4, which are essential for the upper lip and palate fusion, is dysregulated in children with CLP. METHODS: Oral mucosa tissue samples were obtained from patients with complete unilateral (CU) CLP (n = 25) and complete bilateral (CB) CLP (n = 19) during corrective plastic surgery and in unaffected control subjects (n = 10). MMPs and TIMPs expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the data were analyzed using the Kruskal - Wallis test with the Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: In CLP patients, MMP-2, TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in the oral mucosa was seen to have a few to abundant structures, but the overall number of MMP-2, TIMP-2-positive structures was greater than that in controls (P < 0.01). The total number of TIMP-4, MMP-9-positive cells showed a significant decrease in the CBCLP compared with that of CUCLP (P < 0.001). MMP-8 expression trends in the CLP group were similar to those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that TIMP-4 and MMP-9 are the main ECM remodeling regulatory proteins expressed in CUCLP affected tissues of the oral mucosa. The increased expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in CLP tissues implicates these factors in the regulation of cell migration during ECM turnover independently of different types of clefts. Investigation of MMP and TIMP expression in tissue samples from patients with CLP appears to be a promising approach to the etiopathogenesis of CLP.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- extracelulární matrix metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matrixové metaloproteinasy metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- obličej MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- rozštěp patra etiologie MeSH
- rozštěp rtu etiologie MeSH
- tkáňové inhibitory metaloproteinas metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- ústní sliznice metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 4 (TIMP4) contributes to poor prognosis in breast and other tumours. However, the mechanisms of how TIMP4 influences breast cancer cell behaviour are unknown. Our aim was to explore the signalling pathways modulated by TIMP4 in breast cancer cells. Human recombinant TIMP4 was added to MCF7 breast cancer cells and RNASeq was performed. TIMP4 RNASeq results were validated by RT-PCR. Network analyses of TIMP4-exposed cells showed that ER-α, HIF1A and TGF-β signalling were activated, whereas FOXO3 signalling was downregulated. ER-α protein levels were increased and concordantly, promoters of TIMP4-upregulated genes were significantly enriched in oestrogen-binding sites. We concluded that TIMP4 modulates multiple signalling pathways relevant in cancer in MCF7 cells, including the ER-α cascade.
- MeSH
- alfa receptor estrogenů metabolismus MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- MFC-7 buňky MeSH
- nádory prsu patofyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u nádorů účinky léků genetika MeSH
- rekombinantní proteiny farmakologie MeSH
- signální transdukce * účinky léků MeSH
- tkáňové inhibitory metaloproteinas genetika metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- western blotting MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Aim. The aim of this study was to assess coagulation markers of endothelial damage and examine new markers of endothelial activation such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in a group of healthy pregnant women. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, in particular, plays a major role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix confirming its essential function in both the survival (angiogenesis) and death of endothelial cells. Detection of specific coagulation factors, mainly released from the vascular endothelium such as vWF, sTM (soluble thrombomodulin) and ePCR (endothelial protein C receptor) and factors dependent on endothelial activation such as t-PA and PAI-1, could provide information on possible endothelial dysfunction and help differentiate pregnant patients with an altered thrombotic state. Methods. Healthy pregnant women underwent complete assessment for endothelial damage (as vWF, vWF activity, sTM, ePCR, EMP, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2) using the ELISA and other methods. Results and Conclusions. The results show that endothelial activation during pregnancy is different from that in other pathological conditions involving endothelial damage and typically characterized by higher levels of both coagulation endothelial markers and MMPs. In pregnancy, changes in extracellular matrix composition and matrix metalloproteinase activity also occur and promote vascular remodeling but, only in the uterus. Predisposing risk factors for epithelial dysfunction, and vascular mediators associated with vascular remodeling must be assessed from concentrations in whole blood. The levels of MMPs are not increased in the circulation and the local situation in the uterus cannot be monitored this way. However, MMP-2 processes and modulates the functions of many other vasoactive and pro-inflammatory molecules including adrenomedullin, big endothelin-1, calcitonin gene-related peptide, CCL7/MCP-3, CXCL12/SDF-1, galectin-3, IGFBP-3, IL-1 Beta, S100A8, and S100A9. These molecules represent new potential molecular markers of endothelial damage during pregnancy.
- MeSH
- biologické markery analýza MeSH
- cévní endotel fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- extracelulární matrix metabolismus MeSH
- koagulační faktory metabolismus MeSH
- komplikace těhotenství patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matrixové metaloproteinasy metabolismus MeSH
- těhotenství fyziologie MeSH
- tkáňové inhibitory metaloproteinas metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství fyziologie MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also known as matrixins, belong to a group of zinc-dependent proteins, which are thought to play a central role in the breakdown of extracellular matrix. Collagen, elastin, gelatin and casein are major components cleaved by MMPs. The breakdown of these components is essential for many physiological processes such as embryonic development, morphogenesis, reproduction, and tissue resorption and remodelling. MMPs also participate in pathological processes such as arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding these proteins, their participation in physiological and pathophysiological roles, their involvement in activation and inhibition, and their interactions with other metal-binding proteins including metallothioneins.
- MeSH
- cystein metabolismus MeSH
- extracelulární matrix metabolismus MeSH
- inhibitory matrixových metaloproteinas MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci farmakoterapie enzymologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matrixové metaloproteinasy chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- nádory farmakoterapie enzymologie patofyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese enzymů MeSH
- sloučeniny zinku chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- substrátová specifita MeSH
- tkáňové inhibitory metaloproteinas metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- arterioskleróza diagnóza MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- tkáňové inhibitory metaloproteinas klasifikace metabolismus MeSH
- tunica intima patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kongresy MeSH
