Ammonium [Formula: see text] removal from municipal wastewater poses challenges with the commonly used biological processes. Especially at low wastewater temperatures, the process is frequently ineffective and difficult to control. One alternative is to use ion-exchange. In the present study, a novel [Formula: see text] ion-exchanger, metakaolin geopolymer (MK-GP), was prepared, characterised, and tested. Batch experiments with powdered MK-GP indicated that the maximum exchange capacities were 31.79, 28.77, and 17.75 mg/g in synthetic, screened, and pre-sedimented municipal wastewater, respectively, according to the Sips isotherm (R2 ≥ 0.91). Kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order rate equation in all cases (kp2 = 0.04-0.24 g mg-1 min-1, R2 ≥ 0.97) and the equilibrium was reached within 30-90 min. Granulated MK-GP proved to be suitable for a continuous column mode use. Granules were high-strength, porous at the surface and could be regenerated multiple times with NaCl/NaOH. A bench-scale pilot test further confirmed the feasibility of granulated MK-GP in practical conditions at a municipal wastewater treatment plant: consistently <4 mg/L [Formula: see text] could be reached even though wastewater had low temperature (approx. 10°C). The results indicate that powdered or granulated MK-GP might have practical potential for removal and possible recovery of [Formula: see text] from municipal wastewaters. The simple and low-energy preparation method for MK-GP further increases the significance of the results.
The aim of this work was to determine the influence of aeration and time of extraction on the agrochemical properties of aqueous extracts from vermicomposts made from horse manure (M) and apple pomace (P) waste. There were two extract treatments: stirring without aeration (S), and stirring with aeration (A) for 48 h. Aeration significantly increased the levels of electrical conductivity (EC) and the concentration of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and macro-elements in the extracts. In the (A) treatment, the extraction efficiency of K and Mg increased twofold, and the extraction efficiency of Ca and P increased by one-third compared with the (S) treatment. Simultaneously, the extracts prepared under aeration were characteristic with a higher pH value compared with non-aerated variants. The EC and content of macro-elements in the extracts increased proportionally with time. Their highest growth was found within the first 6 h. After 48 h, the highest release of macro-elements into the extract was found in the case of the horse manure under stirring with aeration.
- MeSH
- amoniové sloučeniny analýza MeSH
- dusičnany analýza MeSH
- fosfor analýza MeSH
- hnůj * MeSH
- koně MeSH
- kovy analýza MeSH
- Malus MeSH
- měření biologické spotřeby kyslíku MeSH
- odpadní produkty * MeSH
- Oligochaeta * MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- salinita MeSH
- uhlík analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The analysis of an ionic profile of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection and double opposite end injection, is demonstrated. A miniature sampler made from a 2 ml syringe and an aluminium cooling cylinder was used for the fast collection of EBC (under one minute). Analysis of the collected EBC was performed in a 60 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 60 mM L-histidine background electrolyte with 30 µM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 2 mM 18-crown-6 at pH 6, and excellent repeatability of migration times (RSD <1.3% (n = 7)) and peak areas (RSD < 7% (n = 7)) of 14 ions (inorganic anions, cations and organic acids) was obtained. It is demonstrated that the analysis of EBC samples obtained from patients with various respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis) is possible in less than five minutes and the ionic profile can be compared with the group of healthy individuals. The analysis of the ionic profile of EBC samples provides a set of data in which statistically significant differences among the groups of patients could be observed for several clinically relevant anions (nitrite, nitrate, acetate, lactate). The developed collection system and method provides a highly reproducible and fast way of collecting and analyzing EBC, with future applicability in point-of-care diagnostics.
- MeSH
- acetáty analýza metabolismus MeSH
- amoniové sloučeniny analýza metabolismus MeSH
- bronchiální astma metabolismus MeSH
- butyráty analýza metabolismus MeSH
- chloridy analýza metabolismus MeSH
- chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc metabolismus MeSH
- crown ethery MeSH
- cystická fibróza metabolismus MeSH
- dechové testy přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- draslík analýza metabolismus MeSH
- dusičnany analýza metabolismus MeSH
- dusitany analýza metabolismus MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární MeSH
- hořčík analýza metabolismus MeSH
- ionty MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kyselina mléčná analýza metabolismus MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plicní fibróza metabolismus MeSH
- plicní sarkoidóza metabolismus MeSH
- propionáty analýza metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sírany analýza metabolismus MeSH
- sodík analýza metabolismus MeSH
- vápník analýza metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Rootless carnivorous plants of the genus Utricularia are important components of many standing waters worldwide, as well as suitable model organisms for studying plant-microbe interactions. In this study, an investigation was made of the importance of microbial dinitrogen (N2) fixation in the N acquisition of four aquatic Utricularia species and another aquatic carnivorous plant, Aldrovanda vesiculosa. METHODS: 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to assess the presence of micro-organisms with known ability to fix N2. Next-generation sequencing provided information on the expression of N2 fixation-associated genes. N2 fixation rates were measured following (15)N2-labelling and were used to calculate the plant assimilation rate of microbially fixed N2. KEY RESULTS: Utricularia traps were confirmed as primary sites of N2 fixation, with up to 16 % of the plant-associated microbial community consisting of bacteria capable of fixing N2. Of these, rhizobia were the most abundant group. Nitrogen fixation rates increased with increasing shoot age, but never exceeded 1·3 μmol N g(-1) d. mass d(-1). Plant assimilation rates of fixed N2 were detectable and significant, but this fraction formed less than 1 % of daily plant N gain. Although trap fluid provides conditions favourable for microbial N2 fixation, levels of nif gene transcription comprised <0·01 % of the total prokaryotic transcripts. CONCLUSIONS: It is hypothesized that the reason for limited N2 fixation in aquatic Utricularia, despite the large potential capacity, is the high concentration of NH4-N (2·0-4·3 mg L(-1)) in the trap fluid. Resulting from fast turnover of organic detritus, it probably inhibits N2 fixation in most of the microorganisms present. Nitrogen fixation is not expected to contribute significantly to N nutrition of aquatic carnivorous plants under their typical growth conditions; however, on an annual basis the plant-microbe system can supply nitrogen in the order of hundreds of mg m(-2) into the nutrient-limited littoral zone, where it may thus represent an important N source.
- MeSH
- amoniové sloučeniny analýza MeSH
- Bacteria genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- bakteriální RNA chemie genetika MeSH
- Droseraceae metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- ekologie MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- fixace dusíku * MeSH
- izotopy dusíku MeSH
- Magnoliopsida metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S chemie genetika MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza RNA MeSH
- voda metabolismus MeSH
- výhonky rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
