Alterations in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism are associated with hepatic metabolic disorders. Elevated hepatic acetate concentrations, often attributed to high caloric intake, are recognized as a pivotal factor in the etiology of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the assessment of acetate breakdown and TCA cycle activity plays a central role in understanding the impact of diet-induced alterations on liver metabolism. Magnetic resonance-based deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) could help to unravel the underlying mechanisms involved in disease development and progression, however, the application of conventional deuterated glucose does not lead to substantial enrichment in hepatic glutamine and glutamate. This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of DMI for tracking deuterated acetate breakdown via the TCA cycle in lean and diet-induced fatty liver (FL) rats using 3D DMI after an intraperitoneal infusion of sodium acetate-d3 at 9.4T. Localized and nonlocalized liver spectra acquired at 10 time points post-injection over a 130-min study revealed similar intrahepatic acetate uptake in both animal groups (AUCFL = 717.9 ± 131.1 mM▯min-1, AUClean = 605.1 ± 119.9 mM▯min-1, p = 0.62). Metabolic breakdown could be observed in both groups with an emerging glutamine/glutamate (Glx) peak as a downstream metabolic product (AUCFL = 113.6 ± 23.8 mM▯min-1, AUClean = 136.7 ± 41.7 mM▯min-1, p = 0.68). This study showed the viability of DMI for tracking substrate flux through the TCA cycle, underscoring its methodological potential for imaging metabolic processes in the body.

• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   MeSH
• analýza metabolického toku MeSH
• citrátový cyklus * MeSH
• deuterium * MeSH
• játra * metabolismus   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The molecular mechanisms linking obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) to obesity and the development of metabolic diseases are still poorly understood. The role of hypoxia (a characteristic feature of OSA) in excessive fat accumulation has been proposed. The present study investigated the possible effects of hypoxia (4% oxygen) on de novo lipogenesis by tracking the major carbon sources in differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Gas-permeable cultuware was employed to cultivate 3T3-L1 adipocytes in hypoxia (4%) for 7 or 14 days of differentiation. We investigated the contribution of glutamine, glucose or acetate using 13C or 14C labelled carbons to the newly synthesized lipid pool, changes in intracellular lipid content after inhibiting citrate- or acetate-dependent pathways and gene expression of involved key enzymes. The results demonstrate that, in differentiating adipocytes, hypoxia decreased the synthesis of lipids from glucose (44.1 ± 8.8 to 27.5 ± 3.0 pmol/mg of protein, p < 0.01) and partially decreased the contribution of glutamine metabolized through the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle (4.6% ± 0.2-4.2% ± 0.1%, p < 0.01). Conversely, the contribution of acetate, a citrate- and mitochondria-independent source of carbons, increased upon hypoxia (356.5 ± 71.4 to 649.8 ± 117.5 pmol/mg of protein, p < 0.01). Further, inhibiting the citrate- or acetate-dependent pathways decreased the intracellular lipid content by 58% and 73%, respectively (p < 0.01) showing the importance of de novo lipogenesis in hypoxia-exposed adipocytes. Altogether, hypoxia modified the utilization of carbon sources, leading to alterations in de novo lipogenesis in differentiating adipocytes and increased intracellular lipid content.

• MeSH
• acetáty * metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace * účinky léků   MeSH
• buňky 3T3-L1 * MeSH
• citrátový cyklus MeSH
• glukosa * metabolismus   MeSH
• glutamin * metabolismus   MeSH
• hypoxie buňky MeSH
• lipidy biosyntéza   MeSH
• lipogeneze * účinky léků   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• tukové buňky * metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) belonging to the intestinal microbiota are the main producers of hydrogen sulfide and their increasing amount due to the accumulation of this compound in the bowel are involved in the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory bowel disease. The purpose of this experiment is to study the relative toxicity of hydrogen sulfide and survival of Desulfovibrio piger Vib-7 through monitoring: sulfate reduction parameters (sulfate consumption, hydrogen sulfide production, lactate consumption and acetate production) and kinetic parameters of these processes. The research is highlighting the survival of intestinal SRB, D. piger Vib-7 under the influence of different hydrogen sulfide concentrations (1-7 mM). The highest toxicity of H2S was measured in the presence of concentrations higher than 6 mM, where growing was stopped, though metabolic activities were not 100% inhibited. These findings are confirmed by cross correlation and principal component analysis that clearly supported the above mentioned results. The kinetic parameters of bacterial growth and sulfate reduction were inhibited proportionally with increasing H2S concentration. The presence of 5 mM H2S resulted in two times longer lag phase and generation time was eight times longer. Maximum rate of growth and hydrogen production was stopped under 4 mM, emphasizing the H2S toxicity concentrations to be < 4 mM, even for sulfide producing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio. The results are confirming H2S concentrations toxicity toward Desulfovibrio, especially the study novelty should be emphasized where it was found that the exact H2S limits (> 4 mM) toward this bacterial strain inhabiting humans and animals intestine.

• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   MeSH
• Desulfovibrio klasifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina mléčná metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• sírany metabolismus   MeSH
• střeva mikrobiologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra fyziologie   MeSH
• sulfan metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• sulfidy metabolismus   MeSH
• vodík metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Microbial ecology has been recognized as useful in archaeological studies. At Archaic Monte Iato in Western Sicily, a native (indigenous) building was discovered. The objective of this study was the first examination of soil microbial communities related to this building. Soil samples were collected from archaeological layers at a ritual deposit (food waste disposal) in the main room and above the fireplace in the annex. Microbial soil characterization included abundance (cellular phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), viable bacterial counts), activity (physiological profiles, enzyme activities of viable bacteria), diversity, and community structure (bacterial and fungal Illumina amplicon sequencing, identification of viable bacteria). PLFA-derived microbial abundance was lower in soils from the fireplace than in soils from the deposit; the opposite was observed with culturable bacteria. Microbial communities in soils from the fireplace had a higher ability to metabolize carboxylic and acetic acids, while those in soils from the deposit metabolized preferentially carbohydrates. The lower deposit layer was characterized by higher total microbial and bacterial abundance and bacterial richness and by a different carbohydrate metabolization profile compared to the upper deposit layer. Microbial community structures in the fireplace were similar and could be distinguished from those in the two deposit layers, which had different microbial communities. Our data confirmed our hypothesis that human consumption habits left traces on microbiota in the archaeological evidence; therefore, microbiological residues as part of the so-called ecofacts are, like artifacts, key indicators of consumer behavior in the past.

• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   MeSH
• archeologie * MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• bakteriální nálož MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA fungální MeSH
• enzymatické testy MeSH
• fosfolipidy metabolismus   MeSH
• heterotrofní procesy MeSH
• houby klasifikace   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové metabolismus   MeSH
• lidské činnosti dějiny   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiální společenstva genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH

Plant defense metabolites are well known to be regulated developmentally. The optimal defense (OD) theory posits that a tssue's fitness values and probability of attack should determine defense metabolite allocations. Young leaves are expected to provide a larger fitness value to the plant, and therefore their defense allocations should be higher when compared with older leaves. The mechanisms that coordinate development with defense remain unknown and frequently confound tests of the OD theory predictions. Here we demonstrate that cytokinins (CKs) modulate ontogeny-dependent defenses in Nicotiana attenuata. We found that leaf CK levels highly correlate with inducible defense expressions with high levels in young and low levels in older leaves. We genetically manipulated the developmental patterns of two different CK classes by using senescence- and chemically inducible expression of CK biosynthesis genes. Genetically modifying the levels of different CKs in leaves was sufficient to alter ontogenic patterns of defense metabolites. We conclude that the developmental regulation of growth hormones that include CKs plays central roles in connecting development with defense and therefore in establishing optimal patterns of defense allocation in plants.

• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• býložravci fyziologie   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita účinky léků   MeSH
• listy rostlin genetika   metabolismus   parazitologie   MeSH
• Manduca fyziologie   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin genetika   parazitologie   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• tabák genetika   metabolismus   parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The mode of delivery plays a crucial role in infant gastrointestinal tract colonisation, which in the case of caesarean section is characterised by the presence of clostridia and low bifidobacterial counts. Gut colonisation can be modified by probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are infant prebiotics that show a bifidogenic effect. Moreover, genome sequencing of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis within the infant microbiome revealed adaptations for milk utilisation. This study aimed to evaluate the synbiotic effect of B. longum subsp. infantis, HMOs and human milk (HM) both in vitro and in vivo (in a humanised mouse model) in the presence of faecal microbiota from infants born by caesarean section. The combination of B. longum and HMOs or HM reduced the clostridia and G-bacteria counts both in vitro and in vivo. The bifidobacterial population in vitro significantly increased and produce high concentrations of acetate and lactate. In vitro competition assays confirmed that the tested bifidobacterial strain is a potential probiotic for infants and, together with HMOs or HM, acts as a synbiotic. It is also able to inhibit potentially pathogenic bacteria. The synbiotic effects identified in vitro were not observed in vivo. However, there was a significant reduction in clostridia counts in both experimental animal groups (HMOs + B. longum and HM + B. longum), and a specific immune response via increased interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 production. Animal models do not perfectly mimic human conditions; however, they are essential for testing the safety of functional foods.

• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   MeSH
• Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis * MeSH
• císařský řez MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie   MeSH
• interleukin-10 biosyntéza   MeSH
• interleukin-6 biosyntéza   MeSH
• laktáty metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko chemie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• oligosacharidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• prebiotika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• probiotika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra účinky léků   MeSH
• synbiotika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Plant roots are the first parts of plants to face drought stress (DS), and thus root modification is important for plants to adapt to drought. We hypothesized that the roots of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants exhibit better adaptation in terms of morphology and phytohormones under DS. Trifoliate orange seedlings inoculated with Diversispora versiformis were subjected to well-watered (WW) and DS conditions for 6 weeks. AM seedlings exhibited better growth performance and significantly greater number of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order lateral roots, root length, area, average diameter, volume, tips, forks, and crossings than non-AM seedlings under both WW and DS conditions. AM fungal inoculation considerably increased root hair density under both WW and DS and root hair length under DS, while dramatically decreased root hair length under WW but there was no change in root hair diameter. AM plants had greater concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid, methyl jasmonate, nitric oxide, and calmodulin in roots, which were significantly correlated with changes in root morphology. These results support the hypothesis that AM plants show superior adaptation in root morphology under DS that is potentially associated with indole-3-acetic acid, methyl jasmonate, nitric oxide, and calmodulin levels.

• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace MeSH
• Glomeromycota metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• kalmodulin metabolismus   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus   MeSH
• mykorhiza růst a vývoj   MeSH
• období sucha MeSH
• oxid dusnatý metabolismus   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Poncirus růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The analysis of an ionic profile of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection and double opposite end injection, is demonstrated. A miniature sampler made from a 2 ml syringe and an aluminium cooling cylinder was used for the fast collection of EBC (under one minute). Analysis of the collected EBC was performed in a 60 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 60 mM L-histidine background electrolyte with 30 µM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 2 mM 18-crown-6 at pH 6, and excellent repeatability of migration times (RSD  <1.3% (n = 7)) and peak areas (RSD  <  7% (n = 7)) of 14 ions (inorganic anions, cations and organic acids) was obtained. It is demonstrated that the analysis of EBC samples obtained from patients with various respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis) is possible in less than five minutes and the ionic profile can be compared with the group of healthy individuals. The analysis of the ionic profile of EBC samples provides a set of data in which statistically significant differences among the groups of patients could be observed for several clinically relevant anions (nitrite, nitrate, acetate, lactate). The developed collection system and method provides a highly reproducible and fast way of collecting and analyzing EBC, with future applicability in point-of-care diagnostics.

• MeSH
• acetáty analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• amoniové sloučeniny analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• bronchiální astma metabolismus   MeSH
• butyráty analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• chloridy analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc metabolismus   MeSH
• crown ethery MeSH
• cystická fibróza metabolismus   MeSH
• dechové testy přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• draslík analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• dusičnany analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• dusitany analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární MeSH
• hořčík analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• ionty MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kyselina mléčná analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plicní fibróza metabolismus   MeSH
• plicní sarkoidóza metabolismus   MeSH
• propionáty analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sírany analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• sodík analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• vápník analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Steady-state performances of a trickle bed reactor (TBR) and a biofilter (BF) in loading experiments with increasing inlet concentrations of polar solvents, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and n-butyl acetate, were investigated, along with the system's dynamic responses. Throughout the entire experimentation time, a constant loading rate of aromatic components of 4 g(c)·m(-3)·h(-1) was maintained to observe the interactions between the polar substrates and aromatic hydrocarbons. Under low combined substrate loadings, the BF outperformed TBR not only in the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons but also in the removal of polar substrates. However, increasing the loading rate of polar components above the threshold value of 31-36 g(c)·m(-3)·h(-1) resulted in a steep and significant drop in the removal efficiencies of both polar (except for butyl acetate) and hydrophobic components, which was more pronounced in the BF; so the relative TBR/BF efficiency became reversed under such overloading conditions. A step-drop of the overall OL(POLAR) (combined loading by polar air pollutants) from overloading values to 7 g(c)·m(-3)·h(-1) resulted in an increase of all pollutant removal efficiencies, although in TBR the recovery was preceded by lag periods lasting between 5 min (methyl ethyl ketone) to 3.7 h (acetone). The occurrence of lag periods in the TBR recovery was, in part, due to the saturation of mineral medium with water-soluble polar solvents, particularly, acetone. The observed bioreactor behavior was consistent with the biological steps being rate-limiting.

• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   MeSH
• aromatické uhlovodíky chemie   MeSH
• Bacteria metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• bioreaktory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• chromatografie plynová MeSH
• filtrace metody   MeSH
• ketony metabolismus   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch metabolismus   MeSH
• rozpouštědla MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Gram-positive-staining, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, lactate- and acetate-producing bacterial strains were isolated from the digestive tracts of different bumblebee species (Bombus lucorum, Bombus pascuorum and Bombus lapidarius). All of the isolates produced fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase activity. A representative strain, BluCI/TPT, was characterized further. Cells of strain BluCI/TPT showed occasional bifurcation and irregular constrictions. The bacterium utilized a wide range of carbohydrates. Glucose was fermented to acetate and lactate. The DNA base composition was 47.2 mol% G+C. Complete 16S rRNA and partial hsp60 gene sequences were obtained and phylogenetic relationships were determined. Strain BluCI/TPT and related isolates were located in the actinobacterial cluster and were closely related to the genera Bifidobacterium, Scardovia, Aeriscardovia and Parascardovia. The results presented support the proposal of a novel species to accommodate strain BluCI/TPT, with the name Bifidobacterium bombi sp. nov.; the type strain is BluCI/TPT (=DSM 19703T=ATCC BAA-1567T).

• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   MeSH
• aldehydlyasy metabolismus   MeSH
• anaerobióza MeSH
• Bifidobacterium fyziologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kyselina mléčná metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus sacharidů MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   chemie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• spory bakteriální cytologie   MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• včely mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zastoupení bazí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH