BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal urinary antigen test is a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis in adults. Its use in children is generally not accepted because of nonspecificity at this age. It is frequently positive in asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriers. The aim of our study was to assess the age limit from which the test is no longer positive in asymptomatic healthy carriers. METHODS: A total of 197 children aged 36-83 months attending 9 day care centers in Prague were enrolled during February and March 2010. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from each participant and selectively cultivated. The presence of pneumococcal antigen in urine was detected by BinaxNOW® S. pneumoniae kit. RESULTS: Streptococcus pneumoniae was cultivated in 53.3 % of healthy children with the highest colonization rate (59.3 %) in children aged 48-59 months. The most frequently colonizing serotypes were: 19F, 23F, 3, 19A, 6B and 4. The presence of pneumococcal antigen in urine decreased with age from 39.0 % in 36-47 months to 17.9 % in 72-83 months old (p = 0.031). The antigen positivity was serotype-dependent and more frequent in nonvaccinated children. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated age-dependent linear decrease of pneumococcal antigen excretion into urine in healthy children. The positivity rate of the test in children aged 72-83 months was similar to that referred in healthy adults, irrespective of colonization. To confirm this age limit for use of this test in diagnostics of pneumococcal diseases, further study in school-age children is justified.
- MeSH
- antigeny bakteriální moč MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nazofarynx imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- referenční hodnoty MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- stárnutí imunologie MeSH
- Streptococcus pneumoniae imunologie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- věkové rozložení MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Prophylactic paracetamol (PP) was previously shown to reduce primary and booster antibody responses against the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV). This study further evaluated the effect of PP on antibody persistence, immunological memory and nasopharyngeal carriage (NPC). METHODS: Two hundred and twenty children previously primed (3 doses, NCT00370318) and boosted (NCT00496015) with PHiD-CV with (PP group) or without (NPP group) prophylactic paracetamol administration received one PHiD-CV dose in their fourth year of life to assess the induction of immunological memory following previous immunisations. A control group of age-matched unprimed children enrolled in study NCT00496015 received an investigational tetravalent Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W-135, Y tetanus toxoid-conjugate vaccine, and thus remained unprimed for pneumococcal vaccination. Of these, 223 unprimed children received in the present study at least one PHiD-CV dose of a 2-dose catch-up regimen, which was relevant as control for assessment of immunological memory in PHiD-CV primed children. RESULTS: Induction of immunological memory was shown irrespective of PP administration at primary and booster vaccination. Antibody geometric mean concentrations were lower in the PP group for serotypes 1, 4, 7F and 9V. Opsonophagocytic titres did not differ significantly between PP and NPP groups. Previous use of PP seemed to have only a minor impact on kinetics of antibody persistence. Reduced NPC of vaccine pneumococcal serotypes and trends towards increased NPC of non-vaccine and non-cross-reactive serotypes were seen in primed groups versus the control group, with no obvious differences between PP and NPP groups. CONCLUSION: Regardless of whether previous PHiD-CV vaccination was given with or without PP, induction of immunological memory and persistence of PHiD-CV's impact on carriage was seen until at least 28 months post-booster vaccination. Our study results therefore suggest that the lower immune responses after primary and booster vaccination with PP are of transient nature.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny imunologie MeSH
- Haemophilus influenzae chemie imunologie MeSH
- imunologická paměť imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nazofarynx imunologie MeSH
- paracetamol aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- pneumokokové infekce imunologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- pneumokokové vakcíny aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky imunologie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- protilátky bakteriální imunologie MeSH
- sekundární imunizace * MeSH
- vakcinace MeSH
- vakcíny konjugované aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky imunologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky kontrolované MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- antigeny virové izolace a purifikace MeSH
- antigeny izolace a purifikace MeSH
- antisérum MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cytopatogenní efekt virový MeSH
- cytoplazma imunologie MeSH
- fibroblasty MeSH
- fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
- HeLa buňky MeSH
- infekce dýchací soustavy etiologie imunologie MeSH
- konjunktiva imunologie MeSH
- konjunktivitida etiologie imunologie MeSH
- kozy MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- kultivace virů MeSH
- kultivační techniky MeSH
- nazofarynx imunologie MeSH
- plíce MeSH
- replikace viru MeSH
- Rhinovirus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- antigeny virové izolace a purifikace MeSH
- antisérum MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cytopatogenní efekt virový MeSH
- cytoplazma imunologie MeSH
- fibroblasty MeSH
- fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
- HeLa buňky MeSH
- infekce dýchací soustavy etiologie imunologie MeSH
- konjunktiva imunologie MeSH
- konjunktivitida etiologie imunologie MeSH
- kozy MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- kultivace virů MeSH
- kultivační techniky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nazofarynx imunologie MeSH
- plíce MeSH
- protilátky izolace a purifikace MeSH
- replikace viru MeSH
- Rhinovirus izolace a purifikace patogenita růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH