In recent years, increased rates of yeast infections in humans and animals have been recognized worldwide. Since animals may represent a source of yeast infections for humans, knowing the antifungal susceptibility profile of yeast isolates from milk and evaluating their pathogenic potential would be of great medical importance. Therefore, the aim of this survey was to study yeast diversity in milk samples, analyze the hemolytic and phospholipase activities of isolates and determine minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) for fluconazole, voriconazole and flucytosine. Out of 66 yeast isolates obtained from 910 individual raw milk samples from subclinically infected cows, 26 different yeast species were determined based on sequencing of the D1/D2 and ITS regions. Among them, Pichia kudriavzevii (formerly known as Candida krusei), Kluyveromyces marxianus (formerly known as Candida kefyr) and Debaryomyces hansenii (formerly known as Candida famata) were the most commonly identified. Hemolysin and/or phospholipase activity was observed in 66.7% of isolates. The elevated MIC for fluconazole was determined in 16 isolates from 11 species. The findings of this study demonstrate that yeast isolates from raw milk have the potential to express virulence attributes such as hemolysin and phospholipase, and additionally, some of these strains showed elevated MIC to fluconazole or to flucytosine.LAY SUMMARY: We identified 66 yeast isolates, including 26 different yeast species from 910 individual milk samples. Our results indicate that individual milk samples may serve as a source of yeasts with the potential to trigger infection and may have reduced sensitivity to tested antifungal agents.
- MeSH
- Antifungal Agents * pharmacology MeSH
- Virulence Factors * genetics MeSH
- Fluconazole pharmacology MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests veterinary MeSH
- Milk MeSH
- Cattle MeSH
- Voriconazole MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Cattle MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Environmental matrices and food products are hypothesized to be sources of Cronobacter spp. The severity of neonatal infections, increasing number of cases in elderly and immunocompromised individuals, as well as isolation of Cronobacter spp. from clinical materials demands that more attention should be paid to Cronobacter spp. detection and occurrence of the bacteria in food products. Here, a total of 175 samples of ready-to-eat vegetables, frozen vegetables, and sprouted seeds were collected during a period of 1 year and examined for the presence of Cronobacter spp. using a cultivation method with two different sample preparations and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In total, Cronobacter spp. were detected in 22.3% of tested samples using cultivation. In comparison, direct qPCR detected Cronobacter spp. in 37.7% of these samples (p < 0.01; Fisher's exact test) and the numbers of genome equivalents per gram reached 108 in some samples of sprouts. Cronobacter spp. were isolated from 51.4%, 37.2%, and 5.2% samples of sprouts, frozen vegetables, and cut green leaves/salads, respectively. Using qPCR, the most frequently contaminated sample types were sprouts (91.4%) and frozen vegetables (60.5%), whereas the rate of positivity for cut green leaves/salads was, in comparison, only 8.2% (p < 0.01; χ2 -test for independence). PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study provided valuable information on the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in ready-to-eat vegetables using cultivation and qPCR. Cronobacter spp. are emerging opportunistic pathogens that can be present in food of plant origin. Cronobacter spp. were isolated from sprouts, frozen vegetables, and cut green leaves/salads, and the numbers of genome equivalents per gram reached 108 in some samples of sprouts.
- MeSH
- Cronobacter isolation & purification MeSH
- DNA, Bacterial isolation & purification MeSH
- Food Contamination analysis MeSH
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction MeSH
- Food Microbiology MeSH
- Fast Foods microbiology MeSH
- Vegetable Products microbiology MeSH
- Vegetables microbiology MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
IS901 RFLP analysis of 36 Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA) isolates from 15 pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) and two goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) from four pheasant farms was performed. Using this method, six different IS901 RFLP types (E, F, G, M, Q, and V) were identified. The distribution of IS901 RFLP profiles was tightly linked to individual flocks. Matching IS901 RFLP profiles observed in the present study indicate MAA transmission between pheasants and goshawks in the same locality. In two flocks, different pheasants within a flock as well as in various organs of five individual pheasants were found to have two distinct IS901 RFLP profiles.
- MeSH
- Galliformes * MeSH
- Liver microbiology MeSH
- Bone Marrow microbiology MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium genetics MeSH
- Poultry Diseases microbiology MeSH
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length * MeSH
- Polymorphism, Genetic * MeSH
- Tuberculosis, Avian microbiology MeSH
- Spleen microbiology MeSH
- Intestines microbiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah) infection was diagnosed in 5 captive bongo antelopes (Tragelaphus eurycerus) originating from a collection in a zoological garden. The animals suffered from emaciation. Postmortem examination revealed nodular lesions in the lungs of all 5 examined animals. Acid-fast bacilli were observed in the lungs of 4 animals. Culture and polymerase chain reaction identification based on IS901 negativity and IS1245 positivity confirmed Mah infection in the lungs of all 5 antelopes. In 3 animals, Mah was also isolated from other organs (liver, spleen, and kidney). Molecular analysis of these isolates using IS1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism and/or mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number tandem repeat revealed that the studied antelopes were infected by 1 identical genotype. Furthermore, in 2 antelopes, other genotypes were also detected. This shows the possibility of either genetic modifications occurring during infection or polyclonal infection. Culture examination of environmental samples from the enclosures holding the bongos revealed Mah in mulch bark, peat, and soil. Genotyping of these environmental isolates determined several genotypes with 1 dominant genotype that was identical to the dominant genotype detected in antelopes.
- MeSH
- Antelopes microbiology MeSH
- DNA, Bacterial chemistry genetics MeSH
- Fatal Outcome MeSH
- Feces microbiology MeSH
- Genotype MeSH
- Incidence MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Lung Diseases epidemiology microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary MeSH
- Soil Microbiology MeSH
- DNA Transposable Elements genetics MeSH
- Tuberculosis epidemiology microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Animals, Zoo MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Case Reports MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
