The present review aimed to investigate and analyze the use of byproduct apple pomace as a fortification ingredient in different types of foods. The data obtained from English published articles found on Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar in the period from 2007 to 2019 were used for making the table overview and meta-analysis of results described in those studies. The systematic review confirmed the importance of apple pomace use in the food industry due to the beneficial nutritional profile and ecological issue (waste management). The main attributes of apple pomace are high content of antioxidant compounds and dietary fibers. Dietary fibers from apple pomace significantly increased total fiber content in enriched products-meaning that the transfer of the fortification can be declared health beneficial. The conducted meta-analysis showed unambiguously the different influence of apple pomace addition according to fortified food commodity. The fortification drawbacks were noticeable in plant food products because darker and brownish color was not evaluated positively by panelists. Oppositely, color, as one of the main sensory characteristics, was beneficially affected in animal origin food. The sensory properties, including color, play an important role in product acceptance by consumers. Besides color, animal origin products fortified by apple pomace showed the most acceptable textural properties and oxidative stability.
- MeSH
- fortifikované potraviny analýza MeSH
- Malus chemie MeSH
- manipulace s potravinami MeSH
- ovoce chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
Environmental matrices and food products are hypothesized to be sources of Cronobacter spp. The severity of neonatal infections, increasing number of cases in elderly and immunocompromised individuals, as well as isolation of Cronobacter spp. from clinical materials demands that more attention should be paid to Cronobacter spp. detection and occurrence of the bacteria in food products. Here, a total of 175 samples of ready-to-eat vegetables, frozen vegetables, and sprouted seeds were collected during a period of 1 year and examined for the presence of Cronobacter spp. using a cultivation method with two different sample preparations and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In total, Cronobacter spp. were detected in 22.3% of tested samples using cultivation. In comparison, direct qPCR detected Cronobacter spp. in 37.7% of these samples (p < 0.01; Fisher's exact test) and the numbers of genome equivalents per gram reached 108 in some samples of sprouts. Cronobacter spp. were isolated from 51.4%, 37.2%, and 5.2% samples of sprouts, frozen vegetables, and cut green leaves/salads, respectively. Using qPCR, the most frequently contaminated sample types were sprouts (91.4%) and frozen vegetables (60.5%), whereas the rate of positivity for cut green leaves/salads was, in comparison, only 8.2% (p < 0.01; χ2 -test for independence). PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study provided valuable information on the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in ready-to-eat vegetables using cultivation and qPCR. Cronobacter spp. are emerging opportunistic pathogens that can be present in food of plant origin. Cronobacter spp. were isolated from sprouts, frozen vegetables, and cut green leaves/salads, and the numbers of genome equivalents per gram reached 108 in some samples of sprouts.
- MeSH
- Cronobacter izolace a purifikace MeSH
- DNA bakterií izolace a purifikace MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
- průmyslově zpracované potraviny mikrobiologie MeSH
- rostlinné produkty mikrobiologie MeSH
- zelenina mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Field-grown strawberries, the environment of strawberry farms and fresh strawberries from marketplaces were examined for bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens. The presence of bacteria was determined using culture and real-time PCR (qPCR), presence of protozoa and viruses using qPCR and reverse transcription qPCR, respectively. The highest proportion of positivity was observed for Escherichia coli both in field and purchased strawberries (up to 48.6%). Finding of Cronobacter ranged from 0.6% to 9% both for field and market strawberries. The prevalence of other pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium sp., and Norovirus) in strawberries was below 4.5%; HAV was not detected at all. Positivity of the environment was determined to be lower than 2.1% for all microorganisms, except for E. coli. The concentration of pathogens in most samples did not exceed 100 CFU/g using culture and 1.8 × 102 GE/g of strawberries or swabbing area 6.1 × 102 GE/mL or swabbing area of environmental samples using qPCR. All studied farms applied preventive measures such as drip irrigation, avoidance of organic fertilizers, and use of mulch foils or gloves for workers to decrease contamination of strawberries. Despite this, certain pathogens were found in fresh strawberries. Even at low concentrations, these pathogens can be a source of infection for consumers. Thus, their presence in strawberries is of particular significance as these are mostly consumed fresh and without any thermal processing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Nonlegislatively monitored pathogens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin were found in strawberries. Monitoring the presence of these pathogens in ready-to-eat food is therefore meaningful and important in terms of food safety, especially in relation to pathogens with low infectious dose (for example, viruses, parasites).
- MeSH
- bezpečnost potravin MeSH
- Cryptosporidium izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Escherichia coli izolace a purifikace MeSH
- farmy MeSH
- Giardia lamblia izolace a purifikace MeSH
- jahodník mikrobiologie parazitologie virologie MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Listeria monocytogenes izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Norovirus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
- potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
- potravinářská parazitologie MeSH
- průmyslově zpracované potraviny mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Fresh vegetables and herbs are usually prepared and eaten raw without cooking or heating, which leads to a high risk of foodborne infection. The aim of the present study was to assess the contamination of raw vegetables, herbs, and the environment of food chains. Vegetable and herb samples originating both from the Czech Republic as well as from other countries were examined. The work was focused on the detection of commonly found, but also less frequently monitored foodborne pathogens, including viruses of the genus Norovirus (NoVs), hepatitis A virus (HAV), Listeria monocytogenes and Cronobacter spp. bacteria, and the parasites Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis. All samples were analyzed using individual RT-qPCR/qPCR assays; bacterial pathogens were also simultaneously detected using culture methods. The prevalence of the studied microorganisms in 623 samples ranged from 0.6% to 44.3% for individual pathogens. None of the samples were positive for the presence of HAV. Analysis of 157 environmental samples from 12 farms revealed the presence of NoVs in the environment of four farms. NoVs were detected in water samples as well as on the hands and gloves of workers. Escherichia coli was detected in all farms in the environmental samples and in eight farms in water samples. However, no sample of water exceeded the level of 100 CFU/mL for E. coli. None of the samples of water were positive for the presence of the studied parasites. Vegetables and herbs available from Czech markets and farms may pose a certain risk of foodborne disease, especially in the case of NoVs and parasites. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study provides valuable information on the microbiological quality of raw vegetables and herbs available from Czech markets and farms. Good hygienic practices aimed at reducing the incidence of pathogenic agents on fresh produce should not be neglected. Emphasis should be placed on the control of irrigation water, especially with respect to norovirus contamination. It is appropriate to combine culture methods and qPCR methods for the detection of bacterial agents.
- MeSH
- Cronobacter izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Cryptosporidium izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Escherichia coli izolace a purifikace MeSH
- farmy MeSH
- Giardia lamblia izolace a purifikace MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- kultivační média chemie MeSH
- kvalita jídla MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Listeria monocytogenes izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Norovirus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
- potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
- potravinářská parazitologie MeSH
- virus hepatitidy A izolace a purifikace MeSH
- zelenina mikrobiologie parazitologie virologie MeSH
- zemědělci MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny mikrobiologie parazitologie virologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The diversity in human diets that can be reached by proper use of different crops and varieties, including some underutilized ones, is a potentially powerful strategy to ensure food security and prevent serious health problems caused by current diets that are often not fulfilling nutritional requirements. In the framework of this research, the content of tocopherols and tocotrienols, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and superoxide dismutase in nine varieties of quinoa, both colored and nonpigmented, obtained from 4 different countries, was investigated and compared to the content of the same vitamins and antioxidants in barley and wheat, both colored and nonpigmented, cultivated in the same experimental field. The aim of this work was to create a crop diversity strategy and encourage the consumption of underutilized crops to ensure that the human diet fulfills nutritional requirements. The contents of vitamin B1, B2, B6, tocopherol, and tocotrienol isomers and superoxide dismutase were determined via HPLC; imaging techniques were used to evaluate the seed color. Quinoa grains had the greatest concentration of tocopherol isomers and activity, represented mainly by α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol. Wheat and barley seeds had substantial concentrations of tocopherols and tocotrienols. The concentration of riboflavin was greater in barley and wheat than in quinoa, the concentrations of pyridoxine and thiamine were variety-dependent in all grains. Quinoa grains had greater concentration of superoxide dismutase compared to wheat and barley. The richness of each variety and crop should be recognized and used integrally to improve the diet quality. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Nutritional potential of crops was evaluated from the viewpoint of selected vitamins and antioxidants to create a well-balanced diet. Combined use of both traditional (wheat, barley) and underutilized crops (quinoa) is recommended. HPLC methods and image analysis were successfully used as viable tools for food quality determination.
- MeSH
- alfa-tokoferol analýza MeSH
- antioxidancia analýza MeSH
- Chenopodium quinoa chemie MeSH
- ječmen (rod) chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nutriční hodnota MeSH
- pšenice chemie MeSH
- semena rostlinná chemie MeSH
- thiamin analýza MeSH
- tokoferoly analýza MeSH
- tokotrienoly analýza MeSH
- vitamin A analýza MeSH
- vitamin E analýza MeSH
- vitaminy analýza MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Several foods on the market, such as yogurt and fermented milk, include mixtures of prebiotics and probiotic microorganisms effective in promoting the proliferation and equilibrium of intestinal bacteria, thus improving gut health. Particularly, researchers and the public have shown increasing interest in the combination of probiotics with natural substances that promote health or that can act as substrates to promote bacterial growth. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of different extracts of Aloe barbadensis and Aloe arborescens in fermented milk, taking into account both the prebiotic effect of aloe polysaccharides and the antimicrobial activity of several secondary metabolites. The results demonstrate a beneficial effect of 5% aloe inner gel on Lactobacillus growth and confirm the antimicrobial activity of the phenolic compounds peculiar of green rind extracts.
- MeSH
- Aloe chemie MeSH
- antiinfekční látky farmakologie MeSH
- epidermis rostlin MeSH
- fenoly farmakologie MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- kyselina mléčná metabolismus MeSH
- Lactobacillus účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- listy rostlin MeSH
- mléko mikrobiologie MeSH
- polysacharidy farmakologie MeSH
- prebiotika * MeSH
- probiotika * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In this study, biochemical profile of fruits of 9 Sorbus genotypes was analyzed. The content of total sugars ranged from 69.7 g/kg ('Titan') to 217.5 g/kg (Sorbus torminalis) and total organic acids from 17.7 g/kg ('Businka') to 40.2 g/kg (S. torminalis). The highest content of total anthocyanins had 'Burka' (871 mg/kg FW) and 'Businka' (856 mg/kg FW). Quercetin derivatives represented more than 95% of total flavonols. 'Alaja krupnaja' had 3.5- to 29-fold higher rutin content than other analyzed genotypes. S. torminalis fruits had the greatest diversity of isorhamnetin and kaempferol derivatives. Chlorogenic acid was the major hydroxycinnamic acid and its share was 33% to 73% of total analyzed hydoxycinnamic acid derivatives. The richest in chlorogenic acid were 'Krasavica' and 'Alaja krupnaja' fruits. Cultivar 'Businka' had the highest content of epicatechin (40.7 mg/kg) and neochlorogenic acid (1061 mg/kg). Different procyanidin oligomers were detected among flavanols in Sorbus fruits. The highest content of total flavanols was measured in 'Alaja Krupnaja' fruits. Cultivars 'Krasavica' (84.5 mg/kg) and 'Burka' (85.1 mg/kg) had 1.2- to 6.9-fold higher amount of total carotenoids. 'Businka' was highlighted as the richest in total tannin and phenolic contents (3768 mg GAE/kg) and consequently, it had the highest antioxidant activity (57.6 mM TE/kg FW). Being abundant in polyphenolics, some extracts of Sorbus genotypes, for example, 'Businka,' 'Burka,' and 'Alaja krupnaja' could serve as valuable resource of bioactive compounds to food and pharmaceutical industries.
- MeSH
- anthokyaniny analýza MeSH
- antioxidancia analýza MeSH
- biflavonoidy analýza MeSH
- fenoly analýza MeSH
- flavonoly analýza MeSH
- genotyp * MeSH
- karotenoidy analýza MeSH
- katechin analýza MeSH
- kempferoly analýza MeSH
- kyselina chinová analogy a deriváty analýza MeSH
- kyselina chlorogenová analogy a deriváty analýza MeSH
- ovoce chemie MeSH
- polyfenoly analýza MeSH
- proantokyanidiny analýza MeSH
- quercetin analogy a deriváty analýza MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty chemie MeSH
- Sorbus chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Propolis acts primarily as a biocide against invasive bacteria and fungi in the hive, suggesting its potential for industrial applications. In food application, propolis is considered as a chemical preservative in meat products, extending shelf life of frozen meat and other food. The mechanism of action is still unclear due to the synergy of multiple compounds contained in propolis and due to parallel targeting of multiple pathways within each affected organism. Here, we examined the antimicrobial properties of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) Czech propolis extract. Until recently, DMSO was only rarely used in the propolis studies, although the other solvents tested (mostly ethanol) may significantly affect the observed inhibitory effects, notwithstanding the antimicrobial effects of ethanol itself. Here, we provide results of zone inhibition tests against Aspergillus fumigatus, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis. Although we determined inhibitory effects against all the microorganisms tested, the dose-dependent response curves were not similar to each other. While inhibitory effects against C. albicans or S. aureus were strictly dose-dependent, responses of M. gypseum and E. faecalis displayed plateau across the broad range of concentrations tested. Interestingly, response of E. coli revealed the double-peak dose-dependent curve, and responses of M. canis and L. monocytogenes decreased at the highest concentrations tested. Suggested is evaluation of DMSO propolis extracts in experimental treatment of human and veterinary infections, preferably in multitherapy with antibiotics.
- MeSH
- antiinfekční látky farmakologie MeSH
- Aspergillus fumigatus účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- Candida albicans účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- dimethylsulfoxid farmakologie MeSH
- Enterococcus faecalis účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- Escherichia coli účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- ethanol metabolismus MeSH
- kontaminace potravin prevence a kontrola MeSH
- konzervace potravin metody MeSH
- Listeria monocytogenes účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- Microsporum účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
- potravinářské konzervační látky farmakologie MeSH
- propolis farmakologie MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty farmakologie MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
