Health-threatening consequences of carcinogen exposure are mediated via occurrence of electrophiles or reactive oxygen species. As a result, the accumulation of biomolecular damage leads to the cancer initiation, promotion or progression. Accordingly, there is an association between lifestyle factors including inappropriate diet or carcinogen formation during food processing, mainstream, second or third-hand tobacco smoke and other environmental or occupational carcinogens and malignant transformation. Nevertheless, increasing evidence supports the protective effects of naturally occurring phytochemicals against carcinogen exposure as well as carcinogenesis in general. Isolated phytochemicals or their mixtures present in the whole plant food demonstrate efficacy against malignancy induced by carcinogens widely spread in our environment. Phytochemicals also minimize the generation of carcinogenic substances during the processing of meat and meat products. Based on numerous data, selected phytochemicals or plant foods should be highly recommended to become a stable and regular part of the diet as the protectors against carcinogenesis.
- MeSH
- antikarcinogenní látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- fytonutrienty farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- karcinogeneze účinky léků MeSH
- karcinogeny toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- potraviny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The modulation of the activity of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) represents a crucial epigenetic mechanism affecting gene expressions or DNA repair mechanisms in the cells. Aberrant modifications in the function of DNMTs are a fundamental event and part of the pathogenesis of human cancer. Phytochemicals, which are biosynthesized in plants in the form of secondary metabolites, represent an important source of biomolecules with pleiotropic effects and thus provide a wide range of possible clinical applications. It is well documented that phytochemicals demonstrate significant anticancer properties, and in this regard, rapid development within preclinical research is encouraging. Phytochemicals affect several epigenetic molecular mechanisms, including DNA methylation patterns such as the hypermethylation of tumor-suppressor genes and the global hypomethylation of oncogenes, that are specific cellular signs of cancer development and progression. This review will focus on the latest achievements in using plant-derived compounds and plant-based diets targeting epigenetic regulators and modulators of gene transcription in preclinical and clinical research in order to generate novel anticancer drugs as sensitizers for conventional therapy or compounds suitable for the chemoprevention clinical setting in at-risk individuals. In conclusion, indisputable anticancer activities of dietary phytochemicals linked with proper regulation of DNA methylation status have been described. However, precisely designed and well-controlled clinical studies are needed to confirm their beneficial epigenetic effects after long-term consumption in humans.
PURPOSE: Phytochemicals are naturally occurring plant-derived compounds and some of them have the potential to serve as anticancer drugs. Based on recent evidence, aberrantly regulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is closely associated with malignancy. MicroRNAs are characterized as small non-coding RNAs functioning as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Accordingly, miRNAs regulate various target genes, some of which are involved in the process of carcinogenesis. RESULTS: This comprehensive review emphasizes the anticancer potential of phytochemicals, either isolated or in combination, mediated by miRNAs. The ability to modulate the expression of miRNAs demonstrates their importance as regulators of tumorigenesis. Phytochemicals as anticancer agents targeting miRNAs are widely studied in preclinical in vitro and in vivo research. Unfortunately, their anticancer efficacy in targeting miRNAs is less investigated in clinical research. CONCLUSIONS: Significant anticancer properties of phytochemicals as regulators of miRNA expression have been proven, but more studies investigating their clinical relevance are needed.
- MeSH
- fytogenní protinádorové látky aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- karcinogeneze účinky léků genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikro RNA biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- nádory farmakoterapie genetika patologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Vaginal dryness (VD) affects both pre- and postmenopausal women at any age. Since the hormonal regulation changes during the climacteric period are considered as being the main course of the VD, affected women prefer not to talk about the problem. However, the problem does exist, and unfortunately if any, relatively minor group in the population possesses the health literacy at sufficient level to understand that VD is a suboptimal health condition which carries a multi-factorial character. Thereby, some of the contributing factors are clearly preventable and, therefore, if treated properly, have a potential to milden the VD. Current chapter demonstrates specific signs and symptoms of Flammer syndrome in women suffering from vaginal dryness, although individualised patient profiles clearly discriminate between pre- and postmenopausal women regarding the subgroup-specific symptoms. Noteworthy, about 20% of the VD patients involved in the study notify a delayed or even impaired wound healing observed for themselves over a couple of years. Optimising modifiable risk factors accompanying FS phenotype at the level of primary prevention is strongly recommended. Individualised patient profiles provide important information for VD mitigating measures tailored to the person. Further, future projects should essentially deal with the complexity of vulvar-vaginal dryness as part of the Sicca syndrome in individuals with FS phenotype, in order to prevent genital female cancers which may occur at any age. In contrast to the human papilloma virus as possible trigger of the disease, the role of the vulvar-vaginal dryness as an important risk factor is strongly underestimated in currently applied diagnostic and treatment approaches.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cieľ štúdie: Prezentácia kazuistiky prenatálne diagnostikovanej cystickej adenomatoidnej malformácie plodu (congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation – CCAM). Zhrnutie klinických a histologických obrazov cystickej adenomatoidnej malformácie u plodov; ultrazvuková diagnostika, prognóza, in utero dispenzarizácia, načasovanie pôrodu a postnatálny management v neonatálnej perióde. Typ štúdie: Kazuistika. Názov a sídlo pracoviska: Nemocnica s poliklinikou, Zvolen, a.s., gynekologicko-pôrodnícke oddelenie. Vlastné pozorovanie: Prípad prenatálne diagnostikovanej cystickej adenomatoidnej malformácie plodu. Záver: Kongenitálna cystická adenomatoidná malformácia je vzácna kongenitálna choroba. Môže byť vyjadrená rôznymi klinickými a histologickými obrazmi. Pri dnešnej dostupnosti ultrasonografického skríningu je diagnostika týchto vrodených chýb obvykle posunutá do prenatálneho obdobia.
Objective: Presentation of prenataly diagnosed fetus with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM). Summary of clinical and histological findings in fetuses with CCAM, in utero ultrasound diagnosis, prognosis, in utero dispensarisation, timing of delivery and postanatal management. Design: Case report. Settings: Nemocnica s poliklinikou, Zvolen, a.s., gynekologicko-pôrodnícke oddelenie. Case report: In this article we would like to introduce the case report of fetus suffering from CCAM. Conclusions: Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is a rare congenital disorder. The clinical and histological findings can vary. The diagnose can be made in prenatal period due to the availability of prenatal ultrasound examination.
- MeSH
- cystická adenomatoidní malformace plic vrozená * diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fatální výsledek MeSH
- hypoxie plodu MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- placenta patologie MeSH
- plicní nemoci MeSH
- polyhydramnion patologie MeSH
- prenatální diagnóza MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- receptory thyreoidních hormonů MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- thyroxin aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- tyreoiditida farmakoterapie MeSH
- vzácné nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Kombinovaná hormonálna antikoncepcia bola uvedená na trh v roku 1960. Až po súčasnosť prešla zložitým vývojom, počas ktorého došlo k redukcii jej nežiaducich účinkov. Počas tohto obdobia množstvo epidemiologických štúdií, „case control“ štúdií a kohortových štúdií identifikovalo mnohé neantikoncepčné benefity. V práci chceme poukázať na tieto neantikoncepčné benefity kombinovanej hormonálnej antikoncepcie, ktoré vedú k zlepšeniu kvality života žien.
Combined hormonal contraception was introduced to the market in 1960. Until now it has overcome a complicated development in which the reduction of its adverse effects. With this period a number of epidemiological studies, „case control“ studies and cohort studies has identified various non-contraceptive benefits. In our work we would like to point out to these non-contraceptive benefits of combined hormonal contraception, which lead to an improvement of quality of life for women.
V posledných rokoch sa možnosti antikoncepčných metód rozšírili, a tým pre páry nastáva problém vybrať optimálnu metódu. Hoci koncepciu ideálnej antikoncepcie nemožno brať všeobecne, predsa sa od kontraceptíva očakáva efektivita, dostupnosť, minimálne riziko a vedľajšie účinky. K tomu pristupuje pochopiteľná reverzibilta a prítomnosť iných, nekontracepčných benefitov. Zmeny nastávajú aj pri konvenčnej kombinovanej hormonálnej kontracepcii, a to nielen v zmysle zníženia dávky estradiolu, ale aj zavedením iných typov estrogénov a progesterónu. Zmeny prispievajú k medicínskej bezpečnosti užívateliek z aspektu venózneho trombembolizumu, k redukcii vplyvu na metabolizmus pečene a na faktory hemostázy. Menia sa aj užívacie režimy na extendovaný alebo kontinuálny spôsob, ktoré minimalizujú symptómy spojené s poklesom hladiny hormónov v pill-free intervale a zároveň minimalizujú možnosť neželanej tehotnosti v dôsledku chyby v užívaní. Významnou súčasťou antikoncepčných metód sa stáva dlhodobá reverzibilná antikoncepcia, ktorá vykazuje najlepšiu ekonomickú efektivitu s významnou redukciou neželaných tehotností.
In recent years the possibilities of contraceptive methods have extended and so there occurs a problem to choose an optimal method for particular couples. Even the conception of contraception is not possible to consider generally, however, efficacy, availability, minimum risk and side effects are expected from a contraceptive. To it there is also added obvious reversibility and presence of other, non-contraceptive benefits. There are also changes in conventional combined hormonal contraception and not only in the sense of lowering of estradiol dose, but also by implementation of other types of oestrogens and progesterone. The changes contribute to medical safety of patients from the aspect of venous thromboembolism, reduction of influence on liver metabolism and on factors of haemostasis. User regimens are also changing to an extended or continual way which minimizes symptoms related to the drop of hormonal level in a pill-free interval and at the same time they minimize the possibility of undesirable pregnancy due to a mistake in their taking. An important part of contraceptive methods becomes a long-time reversible contraception which shows the best cost-effectiveness with an important reduction of undesirable pregnancies.
- MeSH
- amenorea MeSH
- anastomóza chirurgická MeSH
- cervix uteri abnormality chirurgie MeSH
- gynekologické chirurgické výkony metody MeSH
- laparoskopie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- pánevní bolest MeSH
- uterus chirurgie MeSH
- vagina chirurgie MeSH
- vrozené vady MeSH
- ženská infertilita chirurgie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Endometriómy sú častou príčinou gynekologickej morbidity, postihujú 17-44 % žien s endometriózou. Prehľadový článok sumarizuje pozitíva laparoskopickej chirurgickej liečby a adjuvantnej terapie, čím sa zlepšujú liečebné výsledky a minimalizuje sa nepriaznivý dopad na ovárium. Chirurgické odstránenie endometriómu ovplyvňuje ovariálnu rezervu. Preto radikálna chirurgická liečba by mala byť vyčlenená pre špecifické situácie, ako liečba sprievodných symptómov. V článku sa uvádzajú skúsenosti autorov s chirurgickým manažmentom endometriómov.
Endometriomas are a frequent cause of gynaecological morbidity and they afflict 14-44 % of women with endometriosis. The survey article summarises positive sites of laparoscopic surgical treatment and adjuvant therapy by what the treatment results are improved and they minimalize the adverse impact on ovaries. The surgical removal of endometriosis influences the ovarian reserve. The radical surgical treatment should be assigned for specific situations as the treatment of accompanying symptoms. In the article there is stated experience of the authors with the surgical management of endometriomas.
Rh izoimunizácia zostáva stále aktuálnym perinatologickým problémom aj napriek 40 rokov aplikovanej profylaxii. Text sumarizuje základné príčiny, imunitné mechanizmy a návrh štandardov profylaxie uvedeného ochorenia podľa aktuálnych poznatkov.
Rh isoimmunisation remains a perinatologic issue despite the prophylaxis that has been applied for 40 years. The text summarizes main causes, immunity mechanisms and a proposal of prophylactic standards concerning the disease on the basis of the current knowledge.
